Seismic interferometry-turning noise into signal

Turning noise into useful data—every geophysicist's dream? And now it seems possible. The field of seismic interferometry has at its foundation a shift in the way we think about the parts of the signal that are currently filtered out of most analyses—complicated seismic codas (the multiply scattered parts of seismic waveforms) and background...

Seismic interferometry: Reconstructing the earth's reflection response

In 1968, Jon Claerbout showed that the reflection response of a 1D acoustic medium can be reconstructed by autocorrelating the transmission response. Since then, several authors have derived relationships for reconstructing Green's functions at the surface, using crosscorrelations of (noise) recordings that were taken at the surface and that...

Green's function representations for seismic interferometry

The term seismic interferometry refers to the principle of generating new seismic responses by crosscorrelating seismic observations at different receiver locations. The first version of this principle was derived by Claerbout (1968), who showed that the reflection response of a horizontally layered medium can be synthesized from the...

Imaging of multiple reflections

Current multiple-removal algorithms in seismic processing use either differential moveout or predictability. If the differential moveout between primaries and multiples is small, prediction is the only option available. In the last decade, multidimensional prediction-error filtering by weighted convolution, such as surface-related multiple...

Spurious multiples in seismic interferometry of primaries

Seismic interferometry is a technique for estimating the Green's function that accounts for wave propagation between receivers by correlating the waves recorded at these receivers. We present a derivation of this principle based on the method of stationary phase. Although this derivation is intended to be educational, applicable to simple media...

Seismic processing in the inverse data space

Until now, seismic processing has been carried out by applying inverse filters in the forward data space. Because the acquired data of a seismic survey is always discrete, seismic measurements in the forward data space can be arranged conveniently in a data matrix (P). Each column in the data matrix represents one shot record. If we represent...

Discrimination between phase and amplitude attributes in time-lapse seismic streamer data

Time-lapse seismic experiments aim to obtain information about production-related effects in hydrocarbon reservoirs to increase the recovery percentage. However, nonrepeatability problems such as acquisition differences, overburden effects, and noise are often significantly stronger than the imprint of production changes in time-lapse seismic...

A new elastic model for ground coupling of geophones with spikes

Ground coupling are terms that describe the transfer from seismic ground motion to the motion of a geophone. In previous models, ground coupling was mainly considered as a disk lying on top of a half-space, not considering the fact that in current practice geophones are spiked and are buried for optimal response. In this paper we introduce a new...

Retrieving the Green’s function in an open system by cross correlation: A comparison of approaches (L)

We compare two approaches for deriving the fact that the Green’s function in an arbitrary inhomogeneous open system can be obtained by cross correlating recordings of the wave field at two positions. One approach is based on physical arguments, exploiting the principle of time-reversal invariance of the acoustic wave equation. The other approach...

Crosswell Seismic Tomography and Migration

Controlled Illumination in Prestack Seismic Migration

Linear avo inversion by prestack depth migration: Imaging angle dependent reflectivity as a tool for litho-stratigraphic inversion

Surface-related multiple elimination, an inversion approach

Adaptive tracking in seismic exploration