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Diakite, A.A. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author)For several decades, indoor navigation has been exclusively investigated in a 2D perspective, based on floor plans, projection and other 2D representations of buildings. Nevertheless, 3D representations are closer to our reality and offer a more intuitive description of the space configuration. Thanks to recent advances in 3D modelling, 3D...journal article 2016
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Ledoux, H. (author)The validity of 3D primitives in 3D GIS datasets is often a prerequisite for using them in simulation and decision-making software, e.g. visibility analysis, noise pollution assessment, and energy estimation. However, while agreed definitions exist (in the international standard ISO19107), most software vendors ignore them and implement simpler...journal article 2018
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Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Nagel, Claus (author)The Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a built-in mechanism of CityGML to augment its data model with additional concepts required by particular use cases. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the ADE mechanism and a literature review of developments since its introduction a decade ago. The discovery of publications found that...journal article 2018
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Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)While there exist international standards for geospatial metadata (ISO 19115), these are rarely used in practice for 3D datasets, and one of the OGC standards for 3D city models, CityGML, does not offer a mechanism to store metadata in a structured way. Having metadata in CityGML files, which are in practice often very large and complex, would...journal article 2018
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Den Duijn, X. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author)Precise and comprehensive knowledge about 3D urban space is required for simulation and analysis in the fields of urban and environmental planning, city administration and disaster management. In order to facilitate these applications, geo-information about functional, semantic, and topographic aspects of urban features, their mutual...journal article 2018
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Ruben, P.A. (author), Sileryte, R. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author)Urban mining aims at reusing building materials enclosed in our cities. Therefore, it requires accurate information on the availability of these materials for each separate building. While recent publications have demonstrated that such information can be obtained using machine learning and data fusion techniques applied to hyperspectral...journal article 2020
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Salheb, N. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The trend of increased usage of both BIM and 3D GIS and the similarity between the two has led to an increase in the overlap between them. A key application of such overlap is providing geospatial context data for BIM models through importing 3D GIS-data to BIM software to help in different design-related issues. However, this is currently...journal article 2020
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León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Giannelli, D. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The 3D BAG v. 2.0 dataset has been recently released: it is a country-wide dataset containing all buildings in the Netherlands, modelled in multiple LoDs (LoD1.2, LoD1.3 and LoD2.2). In particular, the LoD2.2 allows differentiating between different thematic surfaces composing the building envelope. This paper describes the first steps to...journal article 2021
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Doan, Truc Quynh (author), León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are playing a growing role worldwide as sources of integrated information upon which different urban applications are developed. In the context of urban planning and design, semantic 3D city models can provide plenty of qualitative and quantitative information about the urban context and of the area(s) to be transformed. This...journal article 2021
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Colucci, E. (author), Kokla, M. (author), Noardo, F. (author)Because of the need for new sustainable future alternatives, the re-inhabitation of rural areas, hinterlands, small historical urban centres and villages has become a unique real opportunity. Therefore, it is necessary to define and adopt new sustainable urban planning and building permits to follow this path. These processes involve both...journal article 2021
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Tufan, Ö (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are frequently used to acquire and store energy-related information of buildings for energy applications. In this context, CityGML is the most common data model, and the Energy ADE, one of its most complex extensions, provides a systematic way of storing detailed energy-related data in XML format. Contrarily, even though...journal article 2022
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León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)This document introduces the process for the creation of a testbed for energy applications based on a semantic 3D city model for the municipality of Rijssen-Holten in The Netherlands. The creation of this dataset requires the consolidation from multiple data sources as well as a lot of manual work so the authors can warranty as much as...journal article 2022
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Ying, Shen (author), van Oosterom, P.J.M. (author), Fan, Hongchao (author)The recent years observe the vast development in new techniques and methods for modelling, visualization, and analysis of 3D digital cities, as the need of digital twins of urban environment in different applications and simulations has been increased dramatically. This special issue attempts to give an overview of the recent progress and...journal article 2023
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Vosselman, G. (author)The level of detail (LOD) of a 3D city model indicates the model's grade and usability. However, there exist multiple valid variants of each LOD. As a consequence, the LOD concept is inconclusive as an instruction for the acquisition of 3D city models. For instance, the top surface of an LOD1 block model may be modelled at the eaves of a...journal article 2016
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Elfouly, Mostafa (author), Labetski, A. (author)Flooding and other natural disasters pose risks to cities and residential homes, and these are set to increase in the face of climate change. Single-family residential buildings are of particular interest because they are difficult to insure and often highlight wealth discrepancies in society in the wake of natural disasters. Calculating...journal article 2020
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Montilla, Y. M. (author), León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Lizarazo Salcedo, I. (author)Indoor navigation is a complex task for people and especially for visually impaired ones. This research proposes an indoor navigation system oriented to visually impaired users, integrating the OGC IndoorGML and CityGML standards with Bluetooth Low Energy devices (BLE) by using the RSSI signal loss value and the Weighted Path Loss-techniques...journal article 2022
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...journal article 2017
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Zhao, Junqiao (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Feng, Tiantian (author)The Level-of-Detail (LOD) 2 building models defined in CityGML are used widely in three-dimensional (3D) city applications. Many of these applications demand valid solid-based geometry (closed 2-manifold), which is crucial for analytical and computational purposes. However, this condition is often violated in practice because of the way LOD2...journal article 2018
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Garcia Gonzalez, Gabo (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Cavallo, R. (author)In urban planning, a common unit of measurement for population density is the number of households per hectare. However, the actual size of the households is seldom considered, neither in 2D nor in 3D. This paper proposes a method to calculate the average size of the household in existing urban areas from available open data and to use it as a...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)A 3D city model should be constantly updated with new versions, either to reflect the changes in its real-world counterpart, or to improve and correct parts of the model. However, the current standards for 3D city models do not support versioning, and existing version control systems do not work well with 3D city models. In this paper, we...journal article 2019