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Kolekar, S.B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Gibson and Crooks (1938) argued that a ‘field of safe travel’ could qualitatively explain drivers' steering behavior on straights, curved roads, and while avoiding obstacles. This study aims to quantitatively explain driver behavior while avoiding obstacles on a straight road, and quantify the ‘Driver's Risk Field’ (DRF). In a fixed-based...journal article 2020
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Eisma, Y.B. (author), Borst, C. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of augmented feedback on participants’ workload, performance, and distribution of visual attention. Background: An important question in human–machine interface design is whether the operator should be provided with direct solutions. We focused on the solution space diagram (SSD),...journal article 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: Research has shown that perceived risk is a vital variable in the understanding of road traffic safety. Having experience in a particular traffic environment can be expected to affect perceived risk. More specifically, drivers may readily recognize traffic hazards when driving in their own world region, resulting in high perceived...journal article 2020
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)For transitions of control in automated vehicles, driver monitoring systems (DMS) may need to discern task difficulty and driver preparedness. Such DMS require models that relate driving scene components, driver effort, and eye measurements. Across two sessions, 15 participants enacted receiving control within 60 randomly ordered dashcam videos ...journal article 2020
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Krüger, Matti (author), Driessen, T. (author), Wiebel-Herboth, Christiane B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Wersing, Heiko (author)With the rise of partially automated cars, drivers are more and more required to judge the degree of responsibility that can be delegated to vehicle assistant systems. This can be supported by utilizing interfaces that intuitively convey real-time reliabilities of system functions such as environment sensing. We designed a vibrotactile...journal article 2020
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Doubek, F.H. (author), Loosveld, Erik (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In highly automated driving, the driver can engage in a nondriving task but sometimes has to take over control. We argue that current takeover quality measures, such as the maximum longitudinal acceleration, are insufficient because they ignore the criticality of the scenario. This paper proposes a novel method of quantifying how well the...journal article 2020
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Eisma, Y.B. (author), van Bergen, Steven (author), ter Brake, Sjoerd (author), Hensen, Matthijs (author), Tempelaar, Willem Jan (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In the future, automated cars may feature external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) to communicate relevant information to other road users. However, it is currently unknown where on the car the eHMI should be placed. In this study, 61 participants each viewed 36 animations of cars with eHMIs on either the roof, windscreen, grill, above the...journal article 2020
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Kolekar, S.B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Current driving behaviour models are designed for specific scenarios, such as curve driving, obstacle avoidance, car-following, or overtaking. However, humans can drive in diverse scenarios. Can we find an underlying principle from which driving behaviour in different scenarios emerges? We propose the Driver’s Risk Field (DRF), a two...journal article 2020
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Eisma, Y.B. (author), Hancock, P. A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: We review the sampling models described in John Senders’s doctoral thesis on “visual sampling processes” via a ready and accessible exposition. Background: John Senders left a significant imprint on human factors/ergonomics (HF/E). Here, we focus on one preeminent aspect of his career, namely visual attention. Methods: We present,...journal article 2020
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Kovacsova, N. (author), Vlakveld, W. P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Research shows that the ability to anticipate safety-critical situations is predictive of safe performance in traffic. Thus far, hazard anticipation training has been developed mainly for car drivers. These training programs may not be appropriate for cyclists who are exposed to different types of hazards. This study aimed to develop a PC...journal article 2020
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Payre, William (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)In the future, automated shuttles may provide on-demand transport and serve as feeders to public transport systems. However, automated shuttles will only become widely used if they are accepted by the public. This paper presents results of an interview study with 30 users of an automated shuttle on the EUREF (Europäisches Energieforum) campus in...journal article 2019
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Zhang, Bo (author), Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)In the context of automated driving, a monitoring request (MR) is a means to prepare drivers for a take-over event. However, driver compliance may be an issue because not all MRs require a take-over. In this study, we investigated how drivers’ compliance with MRs was associated with previously experienced scenarios. The compliance level was...conference paper 2019
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Engström, Johan (author), Miller, Andrew (author), Huang, Wenyan (author), Soccolich, Susan (author), Ghanipoor Machiani, Sahar (author), Jahangiri, Arash (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This report gives an overview of the main findings from the Behavior-based Predictive Safety Analytics – Pilot Study project. The main objective of the project was to investigate the possibilities of developing statistical models predicting individual driver crash involvement based on individual driving style, demographic and behavioral history...report 2019
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Dreger, F.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Freeway merging of heavy goods vehicles (HGV) is a safety–critical manoeuvre. However, at present, it is largely unknown how HGV drivers perceive and execute the merging manoeuvre, and how current advanced driver support and automation systems (ADAS) contribute. We performed semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 HGV drivers to assess...journal article 2019
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Matthews, Gerald (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hancock, Peter A. (author)We examine the continuing use of subjective workload responses to index an operator’s state, either by themselves or as part of a collective suite of measurements. Lack of convergence of subjective scales with physiological and performance-based measures calls into question whether there is any unitary workload construct that underpins...journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Bijker, Laurens (author), Dielissen, Tim (author), French, Shin (author), Mooijman, Tom (author), Peters, Luka (author), Happee, R. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This study is the third iteration in a series of studies aimed to develop a system that allows driving blindfolded. We used a sonification approach, where the predicted angular error of the car 2 seconds into the future was translated into spatialized beeping sounds. In a driving simulator experiment, we tested with 20 participants whether a...conference paper 2019
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Eriksson, Alexander (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Zimmermann, Markus (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)This paper assessed four types of human–machine interfaces (HMIs), classified according to the stages of automation proposed by Parasuraman et al. [“A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. A, Syst. Humans, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 286–297, May 2000]. We hypothesized that drivers would...journal article 2019
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Melman, T. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Several modern vehicles provide the option to select a driving mode. However, the literature contains no empirical studies that investigate how driving modes affect the vehicle's dynamic behaviour in regular on-road driving. We examined for which CAN-bus signals the differences between Renault's Multi-Sense® comfort and sport modes are most...journal article 2019
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Stuldreher, Ivo (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Thammasan, Nattapong (author), Brouwer, Anne-Marie (author)Physiological synchrony (PS) refers to the similarity in physiological responses of two or more individuals and may be an informative source of information in the field of affective computing. Up to now, PS has been assessed using either autonomic measures or neural measures. While in literature multiple physiological channels have already been...conference paper 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Larsson, Pontus (author), Johansson, Emma (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The number of trucks that are equipped with driver assistance systems is increasing. These driver assistance systems typically offer binary auditory warnings or notifications upon lane departure, close headway, or automation (de)activation. Such binary sounds may annoy the driver if presented frequently. Truck drivers are well accustomed to the...journal article 2019