Reverse Bias Induced Worm-like Defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells

Environmental factors in the field cause partial shading of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film photovoltaic modules. Partial shading forces shaded cells into reverse bias leading to irreversible efficiency loss. The origin of the irreversible efficiency loss is the formation of defects in the shaded cell. The defects are going by the name of ’worm...