Effect of Hypoxia on Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling Pathway in Osteoarthritic Human Cartilage

Objective: Due to avascularity, chondrocytes have poor ability to regenerate themselves which is challanging for tissue engineering to achieve full functioning cartilage. Culturing chondrocytes or cartilage tissue has been frequently perfomed by using atmospheric oxygen tensions which is hyperoxic compared to nature of healthy cartilage....