Analysis of isometric cervical strength with a nonlinear musculoskeletal model with 48 degrees of freedom

Background: Musculoskeletal models served to analyze head–neck motion and injury during automotive impact. Although muscle activation is known to affect the kinematic response, a model with properly validated muscle contributions does not exist to date. The goal of this study was to enhance a musculoskeletal neck model and to validate passive...

Forces in the Shoulder Joint: On validation of musculoskeletal shoulder models

Detailed information about muscle forces in the human musculoskeletal system are highly demanded for several applications. Unfortunately, the measurement of muscle forces in-vivo is hardly possible. To date, musculoskeletal models are best alternative for the direct measurement of these forces. A major concern in musculoskeletal modeling is,...