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Bergsma, J.G. (author)The thesis aims to find the changes in design and execution to immersed tunnels in subarctic regions. The Orlovsky Tunnel in St. Petersburg serves as a case study. The Orlovsky tunnel is a 1600 m tunnel in a rapid flowing river. the ice regime of the Neva River is characterized by frazil ice, which causes hanging ice jams and anchor ice....master thesis 2013