Automatic repair of CityGML LOD2 buildings using shrink-wrapping

The LoD2 building models defined in CityGML are widely used in 3D city applications. The underlying geometry for such models is a GML solid (without interior shells), whose boundary should be a closed 2-manifold. However, this condition is often violated in practice because of the way LoD2 models are constructed and exchanged. Examples of the...

Revisiting the concept level of detail in 3D city modelling

This review paper discusses the concept of level of detail in 3D city modelling, and is a first step towards a foundation for a standardised definition. As an introduction, a few level of detail specifications, outlooks and approaches are given from the industry. The paper analyses the general uncertainties and shortcomings around the concept of...

Repair and generalization of hand-made 3D building models

Many 3D GIS applications require 3D building models with different LoD (Level of Detail) that satisfy certain quality criteria. However, because of their complexity, most detailed 3D building models available are still produced manually, which results in inevitable geometric and topological errors. These errors hinder the downstream processing...