Potential Impact of Car-Based Crowdshipping on Vehicle Mileage and Carbon Dioxide Emission: An Agent-Based Modelling Study Case

The significant growth in B2C e-commerce in the last decade increased the traffic and volume of parcels in last-mile delivery significantly. To mitigate the impact of the last-mile delivery service such as the increased traffic and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, crowdshipping emerged as an innovation that utilise the travelling crowd as...