Effect of Nappe Non-aeration on Caisson Sliding Force during Tsunami Breakwater Overtopping

The sliding force was a contributing factor to the displacement of caissons from the Kamaishi composite breakwater during the Great East Japan tsunami 2011 (Arikawa et al., 2012). The pressure reduction on the landward wall of the caisson due to non-aeration of the overflowing jet gives rise to an additional horizontal force which increases the...