Design Formulas for Flat Gradient Index Lenses with Planar or Spherical Output Wavefront

A semi-analytical method is presented for the design of gradient index (GRIN) flat lenses. Closed-form expressions are derived to define the refractive index distribution of the lens, for several cases: collimating lenses with on-axis feed, collimating lenses with off-axis feed, lenses converting spherical wavefronts with different...

Finding new local minima by switching merit functions in optical system optimization