Stability of toe and scour protection

Local scour can occur at a breakwater constructed on a sandy seabed and may endanger the overall stability due to sliding of the main armour layer if the toe and scour protection is failing. The scouring pattern is a function of the water depth, wave conditions, sediment characteristics, and breakwater configuration and reflection...

Sizing of a toe berm armor stone on rubble-mound breakwater and jetty trunks designed for depth-limited breaking waves

This memorandum provides design guidance for sizing toe berm armor on breakwater and jetty trunks exposed to depth limited breaking waves whose crests approach at or near parallel to the structure