Genomic profiles and removal mechanisms explain the observed stratification of Fe²⁺, NH₄⁺ and Mn²⁺ removal in rapid sand filters

Groundwater is an excellent source for the production of drinking water due to its low concentration of microorganisms and contaminants. The main contaminants present in groundwater are iron, ammonium and manganese, which are sequentially removed in rapid sand filters by a combination of biological and chemical processes. Currently, limited...

Iron Removal in Low Salinity Water: A case study of brackish water reverse osmosis permeate

A reverse osmosis (RO) membrane followed by a packed tower aerator and rapid sand filter are used by an agricultural company in Emmen to treat brackish groundwater to supply water for growing crops and cleaning purposes. The iron removal by the treatment plant is sufficient most of the time throughout the year. However, the farmer periodically ...

Horizontally embedded Fe(0) electrocoagulation to enhance As(III) removal in biologically active rapid sand filters for drinking water treatment

The presence of high levels of arsenic in groundwater, an otherwise preferred drinking water source, urges the need for innovative and highly efficient (in terms of chemical use and energy consumption) technologies to remove arsenic during drinking water treatment. This research focussed on embedding iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) within a...