Lateral Response of Monopiles in Sand under Monotonic and Cyclic Loads: A 3D Finite Element Investigation

Large-diameter monopiles serve as foundations for offshore wind turbines (OWT), and the diameters are now up to 10 meters. These monopiles exhibit lower embedded length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios compared to the conventional monopile that is widely employed in offshore oil and gas platforms. They undergo rotation when subjected to lateral loading...