The influence of vertical loading on the lateral behaviour of rigid monopile foundation in clay soil: An analysis using 3D Finite Element Modeling

Monopiles with large diameter (larger than 6 m) and low aspect ratio (less than 6) are increasingly used in offshore wind farms. These foundations demonstrate a rigid response under lateral loading. The validity of the existing design methods, that are based on small diameter flexible piles, has been questioned by both the industry and...