Improved cleaning performance of membrane modules using feed spacers modified with cold-plasma treatment and polydopamine and silver-nanoparticle coatings

Membrane modules for seawater desalination are becoming increasingly important for obtaining clean water with the rising global water scarcity. The productivity of membrane modules is compromised by biofouling on the membrane and feed spacer. Biofouling development can be mitigated by modification of the spacer or membrane surface. The...