The historic quay walls of Amsterdam: A study into the hidden structural capacity of masonry quay walls under the condition of a partly failing foundation

The city of Amsterdam contains about 1600 bridges and 600 kilometres of quay walls. Of these walls, about 200 kilometres are of masonry walls placed on a timber floor and founded on timber piles. These quay walls are sometimes over 100 years old. Due to the increasing loads in the past century and the degrading of material properties in the...