3 Dimensional Property Rights in Denmark 3D Property Design and Registration is Working – Visualization not

In Denmark there is a widespread practice of forming properties as condominiums in complex buildings with several floors and where the formation of properties of buildings with their own cadastral parcel not is possible. Condominiums are a full property with a location, an individual owner, with possibilities for individual rights and...

Registration of 3D Situations in Land Administration in the Netherlands

The rights of cadastral objects may relate to spaces above or below the earth surface. The fact that several legal spaces of objects can be located above or below the same surface parcel may cause confusion in practice. In the Netherlands the location of 3D objects are in fact only represented in the well known 2D cadastral map. Complex 3D...

3D Property Research – a Survey of the Occurrence of Legal Topics in Publications

3D property is an increasingly discussed and researched topic. Several conferences and workshops have contained contributions on this subject and there are often special sessions devoted to it at e.g. FIG conferences. There are also many articles, conference contributions, theses and other publications available that present and discuss 3D...

AMulti-jurisdiction Case Study of 3D Cadastre in Shenzhen, China as Experiment using the LADM

With the increasing urban population, and the urban exploitation and utilization, especially in the subsurface and the air, various spaces above and below each other are built and belonging to different owners or users. Although the traditional 2D cadastre still plays a dominant role in land administration, urban resource and space management,...

Height Systems for 3D Cadastres

3D systems are built assuming the existence of suitable height reference systems. However, the earth is neither homogeneous nor flat, the plumb lines are curved and not parallel and the definition of height and the implementation of geodetic height systems is complex. 3D cadastral systems have the same problem. Cadastral systems are designed to...

WEB Portal for Dissemination of Spatial Data and Services for the Needs of the Agency for Real Estate Cadastre of the Republic of Macedonia (AREC)

The possibilities offered in these modern times, regarding the accessibility to information, electronic communication, IT technology, safety standards, acceptable economic elements and most importantly the good ideas are the moving forces that are carrying the society to a new advanced level. In this direction, also, tends the global idea...

Adjusting the 2D Hellenic Cadastre to the Complex 3D World – Possibilities and Constraints

The Hellenic Cadastre (HC) collects information on property objects, in order to cover the entirety of the Greek territory and according to its action plan, this information is in reference with the land-parcel and is analyzed on the two dimensions of the real objects. However, according to Dimopoulou et al (2006), registering property objects...

ArcGIS for Land Records: Current Status and Future 3D Considerations

3D cadastre is necessary to display and manage complex spatial relationships. To support a full 3D cadastral implementation, object boundary definitions, object topologies and their legal representations will have to be further defined. A hybrid approach combining 2D and 3D using GIS represents a feasible, economical and extensible approach....

Unique Identifier for 3D Cadastre Objects Registration

In Malaysia, cadastre system is carried out in two-dimensions (2D) and all cadastre have their own unique ID, called Unique Parcel Identifier (UPI). UPI is widely used in various land transaction purposes e.g. sale and purchase of land, land development, and so forth. Traditionally, cadastral registration system is a basic 2D land system. In the...

3D Cadastre in Argentina: Maps and Future Perspectives

Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces, plus the Federal Capital District (City of Buenos Aires). The agencies responsible for land registration and for cadastral survey depend on provincial government. Cadastral organizations are related to different ministries depending on the specific province. Cadastral systems cover the following aspects...

The Study on the Utilisation of Spatial Unit Above and Beneath the Surface in Indonesia based on 3D Cadastre System

The development of vertical constructions in cities in Indonesia has, to some extent, urged the adaptation of its cadastral system to cope with this type of development. As also happened in most mega cities in the world, the intensification of physical development in urban areas urges not only the utilisation of earth’s surface but also the...