A global optimization framework with global–local verification is developed for composite wings by coupling a NASTRAN-based global finite element model with Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF)-based high-order local analyses. The proposed methodology enables the minimization of structural weight under stress and buckling constraints, while identifying critical zones of interest for multi-fidelity and hierarchical strategy. The global model based on first-order shear deformation theory identifies the critical regions where the CUF Equivalent Single Layer and Layer-Wise refinements should be introduced to provide detailed local buckling and stress analyses. This integrated global-local framework enables adaptive local fidelity global-local analysis, improving margins of accuracy while mapping the accessible design space and maintaining computational efficiency. ... Read more