Understanding key flooding processes such as wave overtopping and overflow (i.e., water flows over a structure when the crest level of the structure is lower than the water level in front) is crucial for coastal management and coastal safety assessment. In port and harbour environments, waves are not only perpendicular to the coastal structure but also very oblique, with wavefronts almost perpendicular to the main infrastructures in the harbour docks. Propagation and wave–structure interaction of such perpendicular and (very) oblique waves need to be appropriately modelled to estimate wave overtopping properly. Overflow can also be critical for estimating flooding behind any coastal defence. In this study, such oblique and parallel waves (i.e., main wave direction is parallel to the structures) are modelled in a non-hydrostatic wave model and validated with physical model tests in the literature. On top, overflow is also modelled and validated using an existing empirical formula. The model gives convincing behaviours on the wave overtopping and overflow.

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Overtopping wave loads on vertical structures on top of a dike have been investigated in several small scale experiments in the past. A large-scale validation for a mild foreshore situation is still missing. Hence the WALOWA experimental campaign was carried out to address this topic. In the present paper the objectives of the WALOWA project are outlined in detail, the model and measurement set-up described and the test program presented. Furthermore, preliminary results featuring a single 1000 irregular waves test of the test program are highlighted. This includes the study of the mild and sandy foreshore evolution by comparing profiles before and after the test execution. The profile measurements are obtained with a mechanical profiler. The wave parameters offshore and at the dike toe are numerically simulated using a SWASH model. The numerical results are validated against the measurements. Finally, the force and pressure time series of the waves impacting against the wall are processed and filtered. The load cell measurements and the time series of integrated pressures are compared to each other and for each impact event the maximum force is derived.@en