Full understanding the interaction mechanisms between flow-like landslides and the impacted protection structures is an open issue. While several approaches, from experimental to numerical, have been used so far, it is clear that the adequate assessment of the hydromechanical behaviour of the landslide body requires both a multiphase and large deformation approach. This paper refers to a specific type of protection structure, namely a rigid barrier, fixed to the base ground. Firstly, a framework for the Landslide-Structure-Interaction (LSI) is outlined with special reference to the potential barrier overtopping (nil, moderate, large) depending on the features of both the flow and the barrier. Then, a novel empirical method is casted to estimate the impact force on the barrier and the time evolution of the flow kinetic energy. The new method is calibrated by using an advanced hydro-mechanical numerical model based on the Material Point Method. The validation of the empirical formulation is pursued referring to a large dataset of field evidence for the peak impact pressure. Both numerical and empirical methods can appropriately simulate the physical phenomena. The performance of the newly proposed empirical method is compared to the literature methods and its advantages are outlined.

A full understanding of the interaction mechanisms among flow-like landslides and impacted protection structures is still an open issue. Although several approaches, from experimental to numerical, have been used so far, a thoroughly assessment of the hydromechanical behaviour of the landslide body is achievable only through a multiphase and large deformation approach. This paper firstly proposes a conceptual model for a specific type of protection structure, namely a Deformable Geosynthetics-Reinforced Barrier (DGRB), i.e., an embankment made of coarse-grained soil layers reinforced by geogrids. In such a case, the sliding of the barrier along its base, under the impulsive action of a flow-type landslide, is an important landslide energy dissipation mechanism, and a key issue for the design. Then, two different approaches are proposed: i) an advanced hydro-mechanical numerical model based on Material Point Method is tested in simulating the whole complex landslide-structure interaction mechanisms, ii) an analytical model is set up to deal with the landslide energy dissipation and the kinematics of both the landslide and barrier. The calibration of the proposed analytical model is pursued based on the numerical results. Finally, the analytical model is successfully validated to interpret a large dataset of landslide impact field evidence, for whose interpretation also five empirical methods available in the literature are tested.

Numerical modelling, particularly fully-coupled hydro-mechanical large-deformation models, greatly helps in properly simulating the complex failure and post-failure mechanisms of rainfall-induced landslides. The affected soils, in fact, evolve from none or small deformation rates to large deformation rates during the initiation stage and vice-versa during deposition, with relevant interactions between the solid skeleton and interstitial water. The Material Point Method (MPM) has the potential to reproduce entirely those complex processes. However, a comparison with standard tools (e.g. FEM: Finite Element Method, LEM: Limit Equilibrium Method) may guide in the optimal choice (or in the combined use) of the various modelling approaches. A framework is here proposed based on a multi-tool approach consisting in the combination of: a) no-deformation LEM, b) small-deformation FEM, c) large-deformation MPM. The LEM slope stability analyses are performed for a realistic assessment of the major slip surface(s) and to back-analyse uncertain slope parameters. The FEM stress-strain analyses assess the progressive failure, the onset of initial velocity and the later acceleration of the landslide body, until large deformations occur in the slope and numerical convergence of FEM is lost. The MPM analyses are used to reproduce the whole landslide process, from the initiation to propagation and final deposition. Such an integrated framework is tested for an international landslide benchmark (the 1995 Fei Tsui Road landslide in Hong Kong). The results achieved through the different approaches are discussed in relation to the wide scientific literature available for the general topics and the specific case study. The paper highlights that the fully-coupled hydro-mechanical large-deformation model properly reproduces the complex failure and post-failure mechanisms of rainfall-induced landslides. However, no-deformation LEM analyses and small-deformation FEM analyses allow a reasonable understanding of both the pre-failure stage and the failure mechanism. These more traditional tools are confirmed as indispensable tools in the engineering practice and research.

The study on impact mechanisms of flow-like landslides against structures is still an open issue in the scientific literature. Many researchers have so far employed either experiments or numerical methods, but the evaluation of the impact forces on mitigation obstacles remains difficult especially if the solid–fluid interaction within the flow is considered. This study shows how advanced numerical tools, such as material point method, may be used in simulating those complex processes. The simulations are carried out for two well-documented laboratory tests: a dry granular flow impacting a rigid wall under different geometries and testing conditions in a small-scaled flume and a saturated flow with complex propagation pattern in a centrifuge apparatus. The numerical modelling is validated against the observations and then used to explore the response of different flows impacting rigid structures in other conditions than in the experiments. The soil–fluid interaction influences the type of impact mechanism, the kinematics of the flow, and the space–time trend of the impact pressure against the structure.