Recently, Chinese Public Rental Housing (PRH) provision has witnessed a shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’: policy making shifted from government steering to mixed forms involving government, market and civic actors to pursue effective and fair policies. In the meantime, this new-era PRH governance is credited with mixed results. However, the existing studies fail to describe the mechanisms underlying this new-era governance of PRH with the rising involvement of market actors and those in civil society and whether the new-era governance is considered to be effective, achieving the objective of stability. Therefore, this PhD research aims to fill the two research gaps through building a better understanding of the PRH governance in the current Chinese context and evaluating PRH governance. To fulfil this aim, this dissertation is underpinned by a theoretical foundation from the governance perspective and adopts a mixedmethod approach with quantitative and qualitative data in the study of Chinese PRH provision. The dissertation reveals the essence of the current Chinese PRH governance by bringing forth a governance model and shows the structures and mechanisms for non-governmental actors to play a role in the governance of PRH. The dissertation also shows the perceived governance outcomes from tenants’ perspective and demonstrates two main governance challenges of Inclusionary Housing, a newly introduced instrument adopted in the Chinese PRH governance. Based on the results, this PhD research theoretically and empirically contributes to the h ture.

In the past decade, Public Rental Housing (PRH) has become the program of providing affordable rental housing to low- and middle-income households in China. Even though descriptions of the governance results are numerous, the previous studies are not underpinned by a theoretical foundation from a governance perspective, nor have they empirically examined whether PRH governance works on the ground. This explorative and empirical paper aims to fill this gap of an outcome-oriented evaluation of the impacts of governance as perceived by the final user. Central government formulated the objective for PRH governance as maintaining stability in the society. Whether the tenants perceive the goal of social stability as achieved was measured along three governance outcome dimensions: satisfaction with housing quality, satisfaction with housing quantity, and willingness to communicate with the government about PRH governance. Data were collected from questionnaires to PRH-tenants in Chongqing, the most important pilot city of PRH provision in China. The findings show that the perceived governance outcomes were quite mixed as tenants were moderately satisfied with PRH housing quantity, but less satisfied with housing quality, and thought they could relatively easily communicate with local government. In view of these mixed outcomes, to strengthen the effectiveness of PRH governance in the eyes of the tenants, this study suggests local governments: (1) to rethink and redevelop the performance evaluation; (2) to rethink the relations with non-governmental actors and organise a monitoring system that will assist in optimizing housing quality; and (3) to facilitate tenants’ communication with local government.

Inclusionary housing (IH) is a regulatory instrument adopted by local governments in many countries to produce affordable housing by capturing resources created through the marketplace. In order to assess whether it is efficient, scholarly attention has been widely focused on its evaluation. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating IH from a governance perspective. Since IH is about involving private actors in affordable housing production, the governance point of view of cooperating governmental and non-governmental actors governing society to achieve societal goals is highly relevant. The two most important elements of governance—actors and interrelationships among these actors—are taken to build an analytical framework to explore and evaluate the governance of IH. Based on a research approach that combines a literature review and a case study of China, this paper concludes that the ineffective governance of Chinese IH is based on three challenges: (1) The distribution of costs and benefits across actors is unequal since private developers bear the cost, but do not enjoy the increments of land value; (2) there is no sufficient compensation for developers to offset the cost; and (3) there is no room for negotiations for flexibility in a declining market. Given that IH is favored in many Chinese cities, this paper offers the policy implications: local governments should bear more costs of IH, rethink their relations with developers, provide flexible compliance options for developers, and perform differently in a flourishing housing market and a declining housing market.

The discrepancy between authenticity regarding heritage conservation and perceived authenticity in heritage tourism has been extensively discussed and seen as an obstacle for sustainable heritage tourism and management. In this article, we reviewed the notion of authenticity respectively in heritage conservation and in heritage tourism, interviewed 5 experts and 363 tourists regarding three cultural heritages in Nanjing, China. Findings indicate that once visitors are fully aware of the essential nature, the cultural significance of the cultural heritage, and the connotation of authenticity in heritage conservation, they can assess the cultural values and the authenticity of a given heritage property intellectually from the perspective of conservation. Tourists’ assessment also significantly affects their perceived authenticity and satisfaction. We argue that, heritage conservation can be compatible with heritage consumption, by publicizing sufficient heritage information and encouraging the exchange of heritage knowledge between conservation practitioners and the public.

In recent decades, government intervention in welfare states has witnessed a shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’: policy making shifted from hierarchical government steering to mixed forms involving government, market and civic actors. Such terminology has also entered Chinese policy language on public rental housing (PRH) provision. To unravel the perceived power distribution in the relationships between the involved actors, this article draws from in-depth interviews in two Chinese cities: Chongqing and Fuzhou. The article thereby contributes new insights to the perceived power relations in Chinese PRH provision on the ground. It also develops an analytical framework based on Billis by complementing it with Social Network Analysis to measure the power relations. Such a framework will allow the comparison of different governance systems across time and different jurisdictions within and beyond China. This study shows the structures and mechanisms for non-governmental actors to play a role, which they do not have in the ‘government’ period, in the governance of PRH.

中国大城市的年轻人面临严峻的住房问题：房租占收入比例不断增高，导致其余支出锐减，生活质量下降；买房首付成为最大难题，甚至需要“六个钱包”；城市保障住房倾向最低收入人群，大部分年轻人无法准入。如何制定公平和有效的政策，让年轻人得到住房保障，是对社会有重要意义的议题。随着房价逐年攀升，荷兰的年轻人也遇到了同样的住房困境。位于首都阿姆斯特丹的住房项目Startblok Riekerhaven（下称Startblok）回应了这个问题。从2016年建成使用开始，该项目就获得了荷兰国内和国际的广泛关注。

Recently, a process of privatization is underway in the Public Rental Housing (PRH) provision in China. In this context, the government has contracted out management services to private enterprises, promoted inclusionary zoninga policy instrument that requires or encourages private developers to provide a certain percentage of PRH as part of commercial housing projects-instead of massive government construction of large-scale PRH projects, and stimulated a complex range of partnerships with non-governmental organizations. However, how to understand the behavior of non-governmental sectors subject to different incentives and how to motivate them to participate in PRH governance remain largely unstudied. To answer these questions, this paper develops a theoretical framework based on the principal-agent theory. To test the framework, empirical data collected in two Chinese cities, Chongqing and Fuzhou has been analyzed. Some policy implications are put forward in the conclusion part in order to generate more creative uses of non-governmental resources in Chinese PRH governance.

The cultural attributes of architecture in touristic cities are vital to city image building, city branding, and rebranding, as well as generating more economic profits for sustainable urban development, and protecting cultural sustainability. However, many studies on this theme focus on the singularity of architecture referring to its stylistic or morphological definitions, lacking attention to visitors' cultural experiences in the architectures. Considering the importance of personal experience involved in cultural activities as a process of spatial narration through which architecture makes sense to visitors and generates cultural values, the aim of this paper is to reveal the respective correlations between different types of architecture regarding the cultural experience it imparts and the non-positive dimensions of the city image. This research builds a categorization system of three cultural types of architecture, and designs a questionnaire to collect tourists' personal opinions concerning architectures and the city image of Amsterdam's waterfront in order to calculate such correlations statistically. The results associate architectures with 'tourism-oriented', 'present/process-based', and 'mass' cultural types with non-positive dimensions of city image, which leads to further discussions of 'authenticity', 'identity', and 'mass culture', suggesting the significance of urban cultural policies and local communities in terms of city rebranding.

Paper presented at ENHR Uppsala workshop program WG24 Social Housing, Organisations, Institutions and Governance,

With the wave of globalization, many countries have witnessed the same trend within which the traditional government-cantered urban management mode is changing. The participation of various non-governmental organizations, private institutions and citizens has made the network of urban governance more complicated than before. In the meanwhile, various departments, organizations and groups show their different demands and interests. How to meet the needs of various participants and deal with this complexity has become an important challenge in urban development. This workshop hopes to understand this trend through the discussion of important aspects of urban development（i.e. the transformation of old cities, social welfare distribution and planning and design projects）.Future directions for urban management and development are also discussed.

The total area of the Netherlands is about 4,500 square kilometres, with a population density of more than 400 people per square kilometre. This density is almost three times that of China. There are 20 national parks ranging from 13.4 square kilometres to 370 square kilometres in the Northlands, covering 1,300 square kilometres of land and accounting for 3.1% of the total area of the Netherlands. The concept of the national park comes from the United States and the size of national park is only accounting for its 3.6% area. According to the nature protection policy, by 2027, the natural regional network built in the Netherlands will cover 18% of the territory of the Netherlands, of which the national park covers an area of about 20%. It can be seen that the “small” Netherlands is making a lot of efforts to protect the natural areas under its compact land use situation.

The privatization and marketization of housing that took place in the last three decades have changed the Chinese planned economy. When it comes to the governance of social housing, academics have extensively debated the emergence of the ‘hybrid way’ of housing provision, combining the pure state-planned approach with the free market. However, our research shows a gap between the dominant conceptual interpretation of this change and practice. By analyzing 34 interviews conducted with actors involved in the provision of social housing in the cities of Chongqing and Fuzhou, this paper analyzes the extent and the ways that the provision of social housing can be considered as the ‘hybrid way’. The results indicate that although a concept similar to the hybrid model of social housing provision can be recognized, the practice demonstrates the influence of the political and economic background.