Wd
W.J. de Wolf
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4 records found
1
Changing climatic conditions present an emerging threat to geo-structures. Climatic scenarios for the Netherlands indicate rising temperatures and larger variations in the atmospheric water balance. Consequently, geo-structures will be subjected to greater annual pore pressure variations and unprecedented stress levels. A particular concern is the impact of these changing conditions on the geotechnical performance of regional dykes, which are composed of and founded on organic soft soil layers susceptible to degradation. Given that changes in weather patterns are already observable, investigation of current in-situ soil state variations can provide valuable insight into the geotechnical response under future intensified environmental conditions. This study analyses in-situ monitoring data from a shallow-slope dyke system in the Netherlands to assess the persistence of atmospheric-driven pore pressure fluctuations in the dyke body and foundation layers. By correlating local weather conditions with soil response, the study identifies atmospheric events that trigger temporary or permanent variations in soil state, providing a guidance to address the consequences of possible future climatic events, which may compromise the geotechnical performance of soft soil dykes.
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Changing climatic conditions present an emerging threat to geo-structures. Climatic scenarios for the Netherlands indicate rising temperatures and larger variations in the atmospheric water balance. Consequently, geo-structures will be subjected to greater annual pore pressure variations and unprecedented stress levels. A particular concern is the impact of these changing conditions on the geotechnical performance of regional dykes, which are composed of and founded on organic soft soil layers susceptible to degradation. Given that changes in weather patterns are already observable, investigation of current in-situ soil state variations can provide valuable insight into the geotechnical response under future intensified environmental conditions. This study analyses in-situ monitoring data from a shallow-slope dyke system in the Netherlands to assess the persistence of atmospheric-driven pore pressure fluctuations in the dyke body and foundation layers. By correlating local weather conditions with soil response, the study identifies atmospheric events that trigger temporary or permanent variations in soil state, providing a guidance to address the consequences of possible future climatic events, which may compromise the geotechnical performance of soft soil dykes.
A large part of the Dutch regional dyke network is classified as drought-susceptible given that both the dyke body and the foundation layers consist of soft organic soils. The erratic weather conditions over recent years, which included prolonged drought, new temperature records and intensified rainfall, are linked to an increased number of accidents related to dyke degradation. As global warming continues to exacerbate extreme weather, there is a growing concern on the impact of changing climatic conditions on this type of regional dykes. Poor understanding of climate induced soil degradation processes poses a serious challenge in the development of adaptation strategies. The challenges are caused by the large variety of interplaying factors, dynamic environmental actions and the complex description of coupled degradation processes with varying spatial-temporal scales. This study demonstrates the potential use of field monitoring to overcome some of these limitations. Field monitoring data on ten Dutch regional dyke sections, with varying geometry, stratigraphy and vegetation are presented. The data provide insight into changes in dyke hydraulic state as a function of atmospheric conditions and allow to infer possible climate induced soil physical degradation mechanisms depending on dyke characteristics. To fully evaluate the impact of degradation on the water protection system, ancillary monitoring data are required, able to quantify the mechanical implications of climate induced state variations. The design of dedicated monitoring set up on three selected dykes, which will serve as representative case studies for the development of geotechnical assessment methods, is eventually presented.
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A large part of the Dutch regional dyke network is classified as drought-susceptible given that both the dyke body and the foundation layers consist of soft organic soils. The erratic weather conditions over recent years, which included prolonged drought, new temperature records and intensified rainfall, are linked to an increased number of accidents related to dyke degradation. As global warming continues to exacerbate extreme weather, there is a growing concern on the impact of changing climatic conditions on this type of regional dykes. Poor understanding of climate induced soil degradation processes poses a serious challenge in the development of adaptation strategies. The challenges are caused by the large variety of interplaying factors, dynamic environmental actions and the complex description of coupled degradation processes with varying spatial-temporal scales. This study demonstrates the potential use of field monitoring to overcome some of these limitations. Field monitoring data on ten Dutch regional dyke sections, with varying geometry, stratigraphy and vegetation are presented. The data provide insight into changes in dyke hydraulic state as a function of atmospheric conditions and allow to infer possible climate induced soil physical degradation mechanisms depending on dyke characteristics. To fully evaluate the impact of degradation on the water protection system, ancillary monitoring data are required, able to quantify the mechanical implications of climate induced state variations. The design of dedicated monitoring set up on three selected dykes, which will serve as representative case studies for the development of geotechnical assessment methods, is eventually presented.
Peatlands have been recognised to provide a natural carbon sink thanks to waterlogged conditions, which keep summertime temperatures relatively low, increase their water holding capacity, decrease the organic soil decomposition rate by creating anoxic conditions and eventually keeping high water table. However, unfavourable environmental conditions due to increasing temperatures and more frequent droughts will reduce water retention of peats and the summertime insulation, in turn increasing their temperature sensitivity and their decomposition rate. As a result, peatlands may start inverting their positive cycle and emitting greenhouse gases, including CO2 and CH4, which suggests better investigating how increasing climate stresses will affect the efficiency of peats in the greenhouse gases cycle and CO2 sequestration. Some evidence of gas production from increasing decomposition rate in the Netherlands is coming from continuous pore pressure measurements in saturated layers below the water table, which are monitored to assess the safety of the water defence and the transportation infrastructures. Increasing water pressure in closed piezometers compared to vented ones seem to suggest that gas is produced and capped in the ground, until the breakthrough pressure is reached and the gas vents from cracks opened in the soil matrix. Besides the environmental issues, increasing gas production from decomposition is becoming of concern for the stability of embankments made of organic soils, where the effective stress may be lowered to such an extent to endanger their stability. As a matter of fact, in the last ten years, gas overpressure has been claimed to be a triggering or a contributing factor in few small failures experienced by regional dykes in the Netherlands. In spite of the evidence and the risk increasing with heat waves and drought events, the role of gas on the coupled hydromechanical response of organic soils has been seldom investigated nor properly understood yet. In the section of Geoengineering at TU Delft, a research effort has been undertaken in the last years to investigate in depth the role of gas formation and venting on the coupled hydro-mechanical response of organic layers in the subsoil of water defence embankments. Preliminary laboratory tests performed on peats to fill this gap showed the role of increasing gas content on their compressibility and on the mobilised shear strength at given strains. The volumetric response of peats including gas was tentatively interpreted with a simple non-linear elastic model, which proved able to model the experimental results. A similar model was used to numerically investigate the relevance of gas production and venting on the response of a regional dyke in the Netherlands, where gas bubbles from venting were observed after excavating - unloading - the toe of the dyke during a stress test. Fully coupled three-phases hydromechanical numerical analyses were performed with CODE_Bright to include gas overpressure. A gas content of 6% in volume was artificially generated in the peat layer, capped by a clay layer on top, and let reaching an equilibrium distribution, which depends on the stress-strain response of the different layers and their volumetric compressibility. Gas venting is triggered by simulating excavation at the toe of the dyke, which allows gas escaping after the capping clay is removed. The variation in the operative stress, on which stiffness and strength are assumed to depend, is shown in the figure over gas generation and venting. In spite of the small amount of gas generated, the predicted overpressure is enough to bring the operative stress to zero in the upper meter of soil at the toe of the embankment due to the light weight of peat and cover soil, which temporarily reduces the factor of safety of the water defence against global stability. As soon as the gas overpressure is released, the operative stress increases above the effective stress which would characterise saturated conditions, bringing the system back to safer conditions. These preliminary analyses are supporting an undergoing experimental and numerical thorough effort to better quantify the dynamics of gas generation and venting in organic soils to reduce the hazard associated with increasing climatic stresses.
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Peatlands have been recognised to provide a natural carbon sink thanks to waterlogged conditions, which keep summertime temperatures relatively low, increase their water holding capacity, decrease the organic soil decomposition rate by creating anoxic conditions and eventually keeping high water table. However, unfavourable environmental conditions due to increasing temperatures and more frequent droughts will reduce water retention of peats and the summertime insulation, in turn increasing their temperature sensitivity and their decomposition rate. As a result, peatlands may start inverting their positive cycle and emitting greenhouse gases, including CO2 and CH4, which suggests better investigating how increasing climate stresses will affect the efficiency of peats in the greenhouse gases cycle and CO2 sequestration. Some evidence of gas production from increasing decomposition rate in the Netherlands is coming from continuous pore pressure measurements in saturated layers below the water table, which are monitored to assess the safety of the water defence and the transportation infrastructures. Increasing water pressure in closed piezometers compared to vented ones seem to suggest that gas is produced and capped in the ground, until the breakthrough pressure is reached and the gas vents from cracks opened in the soil matrix. Besides the environmental issues, increasing gas production from decomposition is becoming of concern for the stability of embankments made of organic soils, where the effective stress may be lowered to such an extent to endanger their stability. As a matter of fact, in the last ten years, gas overpressure has been claimed to be a triggering or a contributing factor in few small failures experienced by regional dykes in the Netherlands. In spite of the evidence and the risk increasing with heat waves and drought events, the role of gas on the coupled hydromechanical response of organic soils has been seldom investigated nor properly understood yet. In the section of Geoengineering at TU Delft, a research effort has been undertaken in the last years to investigate in depth the role of gas formation and venting on the coupled hydro-mechanical response of organic layers in the subsoil of water defence embankments. Preliminary laboratory tests performed on peats to fill this gap showed the role of increasing gas content on their compressibility and on the mobilised shear strength at given strains. The volumetric response of peats including gas was tentatively interpreted with a simple non-linear elastic model, which proved able to model the experimental results. A similar model was used to numerically investigate the relevance of gas production and venting on the response of a regional dyke in the Netherlands, where gas bubbles from venting were observed after excavating - unloading - the toe of the dyke during a stress test. Fully coupled three-phases hydromechanical numerical analyses were performed with CODE_Bright to include gas overpressure. A gas content of 6% in volume was artificially generated in the peat layer, capped by a clay layer on top, and let reaching an equilibrium distribution, which depends on the stress-strain response of the different layers and their volumetric compressibility. Gas venting is triggered by simulating excavation at the toe of the dyke, which allows gas escaping after the capping clay is removed. The variation in the operative stress, on which stiffness and strength are assumed to depend, is shown in the figure over gas generation and venting. In spite of the small amount of gas generated, the predicted overpressure is enough to bring the operative stress to zero in the upper meter of soil at the toe of the embankment due to the light weight of peat and cover soil, which temporarily reduces the factor of safety of the water defence against global stability. As soon as the gas overpressure is released, the operative stress increases above the effective stress which would characterise saturated conditions, bringing the system back to safer conditions. These preliminary analyses are supporting an undergoing experimental and numerical thorough effort to better quantify the dynamics of gas generation and venting in organic soils to reduce the hazard associated with increasing climatic stresses.
In the Observational method Ab Initio approach observational feedback is used to optimize a structural design to field conditions that are found to be uncertain in the design phase. As a deep excavation takes place, the supporting retaining wall deflections can be observed by inclinometers which serve as an extra source of information on the structure’s performance. Although the Observational method can be beneficial for both safety and economic point of view, limited deep excavations have been executed via this design strategy. This is mainly due to the lack of specification on how measurement-processing can be used to support engineers to assess the structure’s safety. This study introduces a methodology for real-time measurement-processing with the use of Bayesian updating. In this methodology retaining wall deflections are used to update the unique field conditions of the construction site. This methodology is applied to a measurement set gathered at the construction of a deep excavation in Groningen, The Netherlands, to demonstrate its potential to supplement the Observational method.
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In the Observational method Ab Initio approach observational feedback is used to optimize a structural design to field conditions that are found to be uncertain in the design phase. As a deep excavation takes place, the supporting retaining wall deflections can be observed by inclinometers which serve as an extra source of information on the structure’s performance. Although the Observational method can be beneficial for both safety and economic point of view, limited deep excavations have been executed via this design strategy. This is mainly due to the lack of specification on how measurement-processing can be used to support engineers to assess the structure’s safety. This study introduces a methodology for real-time measurement-processing with the use of Bayesian updating. In this methodology retaining wall deflections are used to update the unique field conditions of the construction site. This methodology is applied to a measurement set gathered at the construction of a deep excavation in Groningen, The Netherlands, to demonstrate its potential to supplement the Observational method.