This thesis explores the potential of sustainable cruise tourism to inspire regional and urban strategies aimed at maximizing benefits for secondary port cities. In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the impact of tourism on urban environments, especially on the effects of cruise ship tourism. This form of tourism brings immediate mass impact and minimal contributions to local economies. As a result, it causes spatial disruptions, alterations to public spaces, and protests in cities such as Venice and Barcelona. To face these challenges, some ports have implemented bans and restrictions. However, despite these measures, the cruise industry has continued to expand. This disparity will increase the number of cruise ship visits to secondary ports.

By using literature reviews, stakeholder analysis, and scenario building, this research explores how a change in the cruise industry in terms of the use of smaller vessels and regional cooperation, can impact an entire region. The study highlights that maintaining a solid connection between the sea and land is important for sustaining a maritime mindset, boosting the economy, and preserving local culture, thereby fostering residents’ stewardship.

Additionally, secondary cities can benefit economically from cooperation with larger urban centres, as outlined in the Agglomeration Shadow/Borrowed Size theory. Despite the potential benefits, the implementation of sustainable cruise tourism faces challenges, including resistance from established cruise companies and the need for significant public support. Empowering local governments to lead the transition is crucial, particularly in overcoming the dominance of major cruise operators. Cooperation among regions is also essential to ensure equitable distribution of tourism and economic benefits.

A transition is needed within the current agricultural sector. The intensive food production emits a significant amount of greenhouse gases, but also generates a nitrogen surplus. Consequently, biodiversity and soil quality have been decreasing dramatically in recent decades. One way of achieving a more sustainable food system is through regenerative agriculture, which is a nature-based practice where ecosystem services and soil health are central. This research aims to understand how the decentralisation of farming practices can aid a transition to regenerative agriculture in a socially just way. Through research by design, the concepts of decentralisation, regenerative agriculture and social justice were studied separately and layered on the project areas of different scales: Northwest Europe, South-Holland (NL) and Biesbosch National Park. The objective of this research is to develop a vision and strategy for these areas to achieve a socially just transition to regenerative agricultural practices. Based on literature, we propose a set of regenerative agriculture land-use typologies for Northwest Europe (i.e. nature buffer, food-forest, polyculture crop, polyculture crop-livestock mix, urban food parks). Next, we show how we can transition to these new land-uses, employing methods of spatial and systemic (administrative, fiscal, economic) decentralisation. Each transition is qualitatively assessed by its implications for social justice in local communities and its potential to improve soil quality of the region. On a local scale, for the Biesbosch area in the province of South-Holland, a strategy is proposed that is based on our vision for Northwest Europe. Through local strategic interventions and the empowerment of existing initiatives and cooperatives, we show that the proposed land-use patterns and decentralised food chain can mitigate biodiversity loss and foster local agri-food networks that provide food security in a sustainable way.