This thesis describes the design and implementation of µLightDigit, which is the second iteration of the LightDigit project: a contactless air-writing system based on ambient light detection with embedded deep learning using only simple photodiodes. The system is able to classify digits 0–9 written in the air by detecting the dynamic hand shadow using a 3×3 array of simple photodiodes. A novel TinyML system is developed by transforming LightDigit from a Raspberry Pi 4 single- board computer to an STM32H743 microcontroller. This transition is burdened with a significant reduction in computation power while having the goal of creating a more robust and adaptable system. To achieve this, a new photodiode array is designed to overcome the saturation issues of the photodiode array developed for LightDigit. A preliminary analysis is performed to investigate the performance of three deep learning models on the microcontroller: a tiny convolution neural network (CNN), a tiny long short-term memory (LSTM) model, and a tiny Conv-LSTM hybrid. For the final system evaluation, the tiny CNN and ConvLSTM models are chosen which provided the best performance in the preliminary evaluation. In order to test the system’s robustness, three different indoor setups and one outdoor setup are created. These setups are created to be reproducible and serve for the verification of the system in different ambient lighting conditions and light intensities. Shadow patterns are recorded for each of the setups and are compared to explain the digit recognition results. The tiny CNN model results in an average accuracy of 84.6% with a maximum of 97.0% and a minimum of 77.8% accuracy across the four different test setups. The tiny ConvLSTM model achieves an average accuracy of 82.4%, with a maximum of 89.3% and a minimum of 72.4%. The tiny ConvLSTM model outperforms the CNN model in the outdoor setup but is generally outclassed by the CNN in all indoor setups. The CNN model is the lightest model with 792 ms inference time and a total size of 138k parameters, which translates to 147 kB. The tiny ConvLSTM model is larger with 446k parameters at 494 kB and 947 ms inference time. For the real-time inference time on the STM32H743 microcontroller, both the tiny CNN and ConvLSTM models remain below 1 second, which is fast enough for real-time applications.

This thesis covers the research, design process and testing of a new current sensor for the Nuon Solar Team. Hall effect and magnetoresistive based current sensors are investigated and compared to a shunt resistor
based current sensor. It will become clear that for the needs of the Nuon Solar Team, a shunt resistor based current sensor is the best choice. Additionally, a capacitive tire wear sensor is covered. The wear is defined as thickness of the rubber, which will be sensed by the change in relative permittivity between capacitor plates. This results in a change in capacitance, which is measured using a charge amplifier circuit. The charge amplifier yielded a measurable voltage difference between a new and worn tire for static conditions. For dynamic conditions the motor PWM signal caused excessive amounts of noise,
hence filtering is required at the discussed frequencies. Further recommendations are given for successful implementation of the capacitive tire wear sensor.