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The central theme of this dissertation is the experimental investigation of electrical transport through single-molecule junctions using the mechanically controlled break-junction (MCBJ) technique at room temperature. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of quantum interference, wherein the wave-like nature of the electron plays a crucial role in the electrical conductance of various molecules. Chemical design and the influence of external stimuli such as mechanical manipulation or applying strong electric fields can impact the interference, of which the latter is also used to investigate conductance switching due to conformational changes.
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the field of molecular electronics, discussing the origin of the field and landmarks, and provides theoretical considerations concerning charge transport in metal-molecule-metal junctions. Finally, a general introduction on quantuminterference is given.
Chapter 2 broadly discusses the MCBJ experimental method, where the mechanical and electrical equipment for two set-ups is discussed alongside the modus operandi for doing fast-breaking experiments. Subsequently, data analysis using machine learning methods will be discussed. Ultimately, reference measurements on bare gold electrodes and an oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) molecule were performed as a benchmark for roomtemperature high-bias and current-voltage characterization on other molecules. For high-bias experiments we note that measurements can be performed reliably and shows in the case of the OPE molecule that its conductance increases as a function of applied bias voltage in agreement with the single-level model.
Chapter 3 revolves around the study of the electrical properties of molecules containing a cyclophane core. For molecules containing a paracyclophane core we observe that ortho-connections suppress the conductance more so than a para-connection as compared to a meta-connection. Additionally, we find para-connections to cyclophane units to be the common denominator in showing mechanosensitive behaviour, i.e., in which themolecule changes its conductance strongly due to mechanical deformation.
In Chapter 4 we have developed a method to reconstruct the observed destructive quantum interference dip in a molecule with a naphthalenophane core, opting for establishing a closer link between theory and experiment. Two complementary techniques at room temperature were used for this study: (i) the MCBJ technique, which allows for large statistical sampling fortifying the robustness of the dip reconstructionmethod; (ii) the alternating-current scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique (ACSTM- BJ) allowing for the continuous simultaneous measurements of the conductance and the corresponding thermopower, providing additional information on the destructive quantum interference dip. We find a sinusoidal response of the thermopower across the conductance dip without a sign change. Theoretical calculations on conductance and thermopower including electrode distance and energy alignment variations emphasize the crucial role of thermal fluctuations at roomtemperature.
For Chapter 5 we change pace and shift towards molecular switches. Three differently anchored norbordaniene molecules were investigated under high-bias circumstances. For all compounds, we find two conductance states. We find no full switching between two conductance states, as the two states are present across a wide-range of applied bias voltages and no clear population differences between the states are found. Alternatively to the explanation of the switching within the molecule itself, one can argue that either we observe two different configurations of the molecular junction or that interactions of the short linkers of the molecules, by interactions with the gold surface, quench the switching between the states unlike previous published results using a molecule with the same backbone but with longer linkers.
Chapter 6 investigates the effect of chemical design on the conductance of macrocyclic structures, studying them with different substituents. We observe a clear difference in conductance between para- and meta-connections in the core using thiophene and benzene substituents, consecutively. Here, the created para- connected path shows a higher conductance than its meta counterpart. Different connections, para and meta, in molecules with the same backbone show less of an effect on the conductance of the molecular junction. Additionally, preliminary results of one of the compounds using room temperature current-voltage characteristics shows a negative differential conductance and hysteretic behaviour.
Lastly, in Chapter 7 we conclude the obtained results from this dissertation and place them in a broader perspective.
...
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the field of molecular electronics, discussing the origin of the field and landmarks, and provides theoretical considerations concerning charge transport in metal-molecule-metal junctions. Finally, a general introduction on quantuminterference is given.
Chapter 2 broadly discusses the MCBJ experimental method, where the mechanical and electrical equipment for two set-ups is discussed alongside the modus operandi for doing fast-breaking experiments. Subsequently, data analysis using machine learning methods will be discussed. Ultimately, reference measurements on bare gold electrodes and an oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) molecule were performed as a benchmark for roomtemperature high-bias and current-voltage characterization on other molecules. For high-bias experiments we note that measurements can be performed reliably and shows in the case of the OPE molecule that its conductance increases as a function of applied bias voltage in agreement with the single-level model.
Chapter 3 revolves around the study of the electrical properties of molecules containing a cyclophane core. For molecules containing a paracyclophane core we observe that ortho-connections suppress the conductance more so than a para-connection as compared to a meta-connection. Additionally, we find para-connections to cyclophane units to be the common denominator in showing mechanosensitive behaviour, i.e., in which themolecule changes its conductance strongly due to mechanical deformation.
In Chapter 4 we have developed a method to reconstruct the observed destructive quantum interference dip in a molecule with a naphthalenophane core, opting for establishing a closer link between theory and experiment. Two complementary techniques at room temperature were used for this study: (i) the MCBJ technique, which allows for large statistical sampling fortifying the robustness of the dip reconstructionmethod; (ii) the alternating-current scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique (ACSTM- BJ) allowing for the continuous simultaneous measurements of the conductance and the corresponding thermopower, providing additional information on the destructive quantum interference dip. We find a sinusoidal response of the thermopower across the conductance dip without a sign change. Theoretical calculations on conductance and thermopower including electrode distance and energy alignment variations emphasize the crucial role of thermal fluctuations at roomtemperature.
For Chapter 5 we change pace and shift towards molecular switches. Three differently anchored norbordaniene molecules were investigated under high-bias circumstances. For all compounds, we find two conductance states. We find no full switching between two conductance states, as the two states are present across a wide-range of applied bias voltages and no clear population differences between the states are found. Alternatively to the explanation of the switching within the molecule itself, one can argue that either we observe two different configurations of the molecular junction or that interactions of the short linkers of the molecules, by interactions with the gold surface, quench the switching between the states unlike previous published results using a molecule with the same backbone but with longer linkers.
Chapter 6 investigates the effect of chemical design on the conductance of macrocyclic structures, studying them with different substituents. We observe a clear difference in conductance between para- and meta-connections in the core using thiophene and benzene substituents, consecutively. Here, the created para- connected path shows a higher conductance than its meta counterpart. Different connections, para and meta, in molecules with the same backbone show less of an effect on the conductance of the molecular junction. Additionally, preliminary results of one of the compounds using room temperature current-voltage characteristics shows a negative differential conductance and hysteretic behaviour.
Lastly, in Chapter 7 we conclude the obtained results from this dissertation and place them in a broader perspective.
...
The central theme of this dissertation is the experimental investigation of electrical transport through single-molecule junctions using the mechanically controlled break-junction (MCBJ) technique at room temperature. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of quantum interference, wherein the wave-like nature of the electron plays a crucial role in the electrical conductance of various molecules. Chemical design and the influence of external stimuli such as mechanical manipulation or applying strong electric fields can impact the interference, of which the latter is also used to investigate conductance switching due to conformational changes.
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the field of molecular electronics, discussing the origin of the field and landmarks, and provides theoretical considerations concerning charge transport in metal-molecule-metal junctions. Finally, a general introduction on quantuminterference is given.
Chapter 2 broadly discusses the MCBJ experimental method, where the mechanical and electrical equipment for two set-ups is discussed alongside the modus operandi for doing fast-breaking experiments. Subsequently, data analysis using machine learning methods will be discussed. Ultimately, reference measurements on bare gold electrodes and an oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) molecule were performed as a benchmark for roomtemperature high-bias and current-voltage characterization on other molecules. For high-bias experiments we note that measurements can be performed reliably and shows in the case of the OPE molecule that its conductance increases as a function of applied bias voltage in agreement with the single-level model.
Chapter 3 revolves around the study of the electrical properties of molecules containing a cyclophane core. For molecules containing a paracyclophane core we observe that ortho-connections suppress the conductance more so than a para-connection as compared to a meta-connection. Additionally, we find para-connections to cyclophane units to be the common denominator in showing mechanosensitive behaviour, i.e., in which themolecule changes its conductance strongly due to mechanical deformation.
In Chapter 4 we have developed a method to reconstruct the observed destructive quantum interference dip in a molecule with a naphthalenophane core, opting for establishing a closer link between theory and experiment. Two complementary techniques at room temperature were used for this study: (i) the MCBJ technique, which allows for large statistical sampling fortifying the robustness of the dip reconstructionmethod; (ii) the alternating-current scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique (ACSTM- BJ) allowing for the continuous simultaneous measurements of the conductance and the corresponding thermopower, providing additional information on the destructive quantum interference dip. We find a sinusoidal response of the thermopower across the conductance dip without a sign change. Theoretical calculations on conductance and thermopower including electrode distance and energy alignment variations emphasize the crucial role of thermal fluctuations at roomtemperature.
For Chapter 5 we change pace and shift towards molecular switches. Three differently anchored norbordaniene molecules were investigated under high-bias circumstances. For all compounds, we find two conductance states. We find no full switching between two conductance states, as the two states are present across a wide-range of applied bias voltages and no clear population differences between the states are found. Alternatively to the explanation of the switching within the molecule itself, one can argue that either we observe two different configurations of the molecular junction or that interactions of the short linkers of the molecules, by interactions with the gold surface, quench the switching between the states unlike previous published results using a molecule with the same backbone but with longer linkers.
Chapter 6 investigates the effect of chemical design on the conductance of macrocyclic structures, studying them with different substituents. We observe a clear difference in conductance between para- and meta-connections in the core using thiophene and benzene substituents, consecutively. Here, the created para- connected path shows a higher conductance than its meta counterpart. Different connections, para and meta, in molecules with the same backbone show less of an effect on the conductance of the molecular junction. Additionally, preliminary results of one of the compounds using room temperature current-voltage characteristics shows a negative differential conductance and hysteretic behaviour.
Lastly, in Chapter 7 we conclude the obtained results from this dissertation and place them in a broader perspective.
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the field of molecular electronics, discussing the origin of the field and landmarks, and provides theoretical considerations concerning charge transport in metal-molecule-metal junctions. Finally, a general introduction on quantuminterference is given.
Chapter 2 broadly discusses the MCBJ experimental method, where the mechanical and electrical equipment for two set-ups is discussed alongside the modus operandi for doing fast-breaking experiments. Subsequently, data analysis using machine learning methods will be discussed. Ultimately, reference measurements on bare gold electrodes and an oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) molecule were performed as a benchmark for roomtemperature high-bias and current-voltage characterization on other molecules. For high-bias experiments we note that measurements can be performed reliably and shows in the case of the OPE molecule that its conductance increases as a function of applied bias voltage in agreement with the single-level model.
Chapter 3 revolves around the study of the electrical properties of molecules containing a cyclophane core. For molecules containing a paracyclophane core we observe that ortho-connections suppress the conductance more so than a para-connection as compared to a meta-connection. Additionally, we find para-connections to cyclophane units to be the common denominator in showing mechanosensitive behaviour, i.e., in which themolecule changes its conductance strongly due to mechanical deformation.
In Chapter 4 we have developed a method to reconstruct the observed destructive quantum interference dip in a molecule with a naphthalenophane core, opting for establishing a closer link between theory and experiment. Two complementary techniques at room temperature were used for this study: (i) the MCBJ technique, which allows for large statistical sampling fortifying the robustness of the dip reconstructionmethod; (ii) the alternating-current scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction technique (ACSTM- BJ) allowing for the continuous simultaneous measurements of the conductance and the corresponding thermopower, providing additional information on the destructive quantum interference dip. We find a sinusoidal response of the thermopower across the conductance dip without a sign change. Theoretical calculations on conductance and thermopower including electrode distance and energy alignment variations emphasize the crucial role of thermal fluctuations at roomtemperature.
For Chapter 5 we change pace and shift towards molecular switches. Three differently anchored norbordaniene molecules were investigated under high-bias circumstances. For all compounds, we find two conductance states. We find no full switching between two conductance states, as the two states are present across a wide-range of applied bias voltages and no clear population differences between the states are found. Alternatively to the explanation of the switching within the molecule itself, one can argue that either we observe two different configurations of the molecular junction or that interactions of the short linkers of the molecules, by interactions with the gold surface, quench the switching between the states unlike previous published results using a molecule with the same backbone but with longer linkers.
Chapter 6 investigates the effect of chemical design on the conductance of macrocyclic structures, studying them with different substituents. We observe a clear difference in conductance between para- and meta-connections in the core using thiophene and benzene substituents, consecutively. Here, the created para- connected path shows a higher conductance than its meta counterpart. Different connections, para and meta, in molecules with the same backbone show less of an effect on the conductance of the molecular junction. Additionally, preliminary results of one of the compounds using room temperature current-voltage characteristics shows a negative differential conductance and hysteretic behaviour.
Lastly, in Chapter 7 we conclude the obtained results from this dissertation and place them in a broader perspective.
Journal article
(2024)
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T. de Ara, C. Hsu, A. Martinez-Garcia, L. Ornago, S. van der Poel, E. B. Lombardi, C. Sabater, C. Untiedt, H. S.J. van der Zant, More authors...
Helical molecules have been proposed as candidates for producing spin-polarized currents, even at room conditions, due to their chiral asymmetry. However, describing their transport mechanism in single molecular junctions is not straightforward. In this work, we show the synthesis of two novel kinds of dithia[11]helicenes to study their electronic transport in break junctions among a series of three helical molecules: dithia[n]helicenes, with n = 7, 9, and 11 molecular units. Our experimental measurements and clustering-based analysis demonstrate low conductance values that remain similar across different applied voltages and molecules. Additionally, we assess the length dependence of the conductance for each helicene, revealing an exponential decay characteristic of off-resonant transport. This behavior is primarily attributed to the misalignment between the energy levels of the molecule-electrodes system. The length dependence trend described above is supported by ab initio calculations, further confirming an off-resonant transport mechanism.
...
Helical molecules have been proposed as candidates for producing spin-polarized currents, even at room conditions, due to their chiral asymmetry. However, describing their transport mechanism in single molecular junctions is not straightforward. In this work, we show the synthesis of two novel kinds of dithia[11]helicenes to study their electronic transport in break junctions among a series of three helical molecules: dithia[n]helicenes, with n = 7, 9, and 11 molecular units. Our experimental measurements and clustering-based analysis demonstrate low conductance values that remain similar across different applied voltages and molecules. Additionally, we assess the length dependence of the conductance for each helicene, revealing an exponential decay characteristic of off-resonant transport. This behavior is primarily attributed to the misalignment between the energy levels of the molecule-electrodes system. The length dependence trend described above is supported by ab initio calculations, further confirming an off-resonant transport mechanism.
Journal article
(2024)
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Luca Ornago, Patrick Zwick, Sebastiaan van der Poel, Thomas Brandl, Maria El Abbassi, Mickael L. Perrin, Diana Dulić, Herre S.J. van der Zant, Marcel Mayor
The addition of a lateral alkyl chain is a well-known strategy to reduce π-stacked ensembles of molecules in solution, with the intention to minimize the interactions between the molecules’ backbones. In this paper, we study whether this concept generalizes to single-molecule junctions by using a combination of mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) measurements and clustering-based data analysis with two small series of model compounds decorated with various bulky groups. The systematic study suggests that introducing alkyl side chains also favors the formation of electrode-molecule configurations that are not observed in their absence, thereby inducing broadening of the conductance peak in the one-dimensional histograms. Thus, the introduction of alkyl chains in aromatic compounds for molecular electronics must be carefully designed and optimized for the specific purpose, balancing between increased solubility and the possibility of additional junction configurations.
...
The addition of a lateral alkyl chain is a well-known strategy to reduce π-stacked ensembles of molecules in solution, with the intention to minimize the interactions between the molecules’ backbones. In this paper, we study whether this concept generalizes to single-molecule junctions by using a combination of mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) measurements and clustering-based data analysis with two small series of model compounds decorated with various bulky groups. The systematic study suggests that introducing alkyl side chains also favors the formation of electrode-molecule configurations that are not observed in their absence, thereby inducing broadening of the conductance peak in the one-dimensional histograms. Thus, the introduction of alkyl chains in aromatic compounds for molecular electronics must be carefully designed and optimized for the specific purpose, balancing between increased solubility and the possibility of additional junction configurations.
Journal article
(2024)
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Juan Hurtado-Gallego, S. van der Poel, Matthias Blaschke, Almudena Gallego, C. Hsu, Rubén López-Nebreda, Marcel Mayor, Fabian Pauly, Nicolás Agraït, H.S.J. van der Zant
Break-junction techniques provide the possibility to study electric and thermoelectric properties of single-molecule junctions in great detail. These techniques rely on the same principle of controllably breaking metallic contacts in order to create single-molecule junctions, whilst keeping track of the junction's conductance. Here, we compare results from mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) methods, while characterizing conductance properties of the same novel mechanosensitive para- and meta-connected naphtalenophane compounds. In addition, thermopower measurements are carried out for both compounds using the STM break junction (STM-BJ) technique. For the conductance experiments, the same data processing using a clustering analysis is performed. We obtain to a large extent similar results for both methods, although values of conductance and stretching lengths for the STM-BJ technique are slightly larger in comparison with the MCBJ. STM-BJ thermopower experiments show similar Seebeck coefficients for both compounds. An increase in the Seebeck coefficient is revealed, whilst the conductance decreases, after which it saturates at around 10 μV K−1. This phenomenon is studied theoretically using a tight binding model. It shows that changes of molecule-electrode electronic couplings combined with shifts of the resonance energies explain the correlated behavior of conductance and Seebeck coefficient.
...
Break-junction techniques provide the possibility to study electric and thermoelectric properties of single-molecule junctions in great detail. These techniques rely on the same principle of controllably breaking metallic contacts in order to create single-molecule junctions, whilst keeping track of the junction's conductance. Here, we compare results from mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) methods, while characterizing conductance properties of the same novel mechanosensitive para- and meta-connected naphtalenophane compounds. In addition, thermopower measurements are carried out for both compounds using the STM break junction (STM-BJ) technique. For the conductance experiments, the same data processing using a clustering analysis is performed. We obtain to a large extent similar results for both methods, although values of conductance and stretching lengths for the STM-BJ technique are slightly larger in comparison with the MCBJ. STM-BJ thermopower experiments show similar Seebeck coefficients for both compounds. An increase in the Seebeck coefficient is revealed, whilst the conductance decreases, after which it saturates at around 10 μV K−1. This phenomenon is studied theoretically using a tight binding model. It shows that changes of molecule-electrode electronic couplings combined with shifts of the resonance energies explain the correlated behavior of conductance and Seebeck coefficient.
Journal article
(2024)
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Salome L. Heim, Almudena Gallego, Valeria Bertozzi, Sebastiaan van der Poel, Luca Ornago, Alessandro Prescimone, Herre S.J. van der Zant, Marcel Mayor
To investigate interference phenomena and conductance properties in mechanically controlled break junctions (MCBJs), macrocycles 1 and 2 (BMCs: for BenzeneMacroCycles), containing a meta-substituted benzene moiety with solubilizing tert-butyl groups, as well as structures 3 and 4 (TMCs: for ThiopheneMacroCycles), featuring 2,5-connected 3,4-hexyl-thiophene corners, were synthesized. Macrocycles 1 and 2 respectively 3 and 4 differ in the positions of the acetyl-protected sulfur anchoring groups, which impacts both, the individual transport efficiency of their parallel electronic pathways and their overall molecular wire lengths. All macrocycles were synthesized based on a series of Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. For 3 and 4, a 2-(4-pyridinyl)ethyl protecting group for the sulfur atoms was successful, while for macrocycles 1 and 2 the more common tert-butyl protecting group did the job. To our delight, proof-of-concept charge transport studies conducted in an MCBJ setup demonstrated the expected trends regarding improved conductance intensities for the TMCs compared to the BMCs. Furthermore, the corresponding molecular plateaus from the breaking experiments were in the expected length range of the S−S distances for all compounds. We also found that the overall conductance seems to follow a more complex transport mechanism than just the sum of contributions from both channels.
...
To investigate interference phenomena and conductance properties in mechanically controlled break junctions (MCBJs), macrocycles 1 and 2 (BMCs: for BenzeneMacroCycles), containing a meta-substituted benzene moiety with solubilizing tert-butyl groups, as well as structures 3 and 4 (TMCs: for ThiopheneMacroCycles), featuring 2,5-connected 3,4-hexyl-thiophene corners, were synthesized. Macrocycles 1 and 2 respectively 3 and 4 differ in the positions of the acetyl-protected sulfur anchoring groups, which impacts both, the individual transport efficiency of their parallel electronic pathways and their overall molecular wire lengths. All macrocycles were synthesized based on a series of Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. For 3 and 4, a 2-(4-pyridinyl)ethyl protecting group for the sulfur atoms was successful, while for macrocycles 1 and 2 the more common tert-butyl protecting group did the job. To our delight, proof-of-concept charge transport studies conducted in an MCBJ setup demonstrated the expected trends regarding improved conductance intensities for the TMCs compared to the BMCs. Furthermore, the corresponding molecular plateaus from the breaking experiments were in the expected length range of the S−S distances for all compounds. We also found that the overall conductance seems to follow a more complex transport mechanism than just the sum of contributions from both channels.
Journal article
(2024)
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Sebastiaan van der Poel, Juan Hurtado-Gallego, Matthias Blaschke, Rubén López-Nebreda, Almudena Gallego, Marcel Mayor, Fabian Pauly, Herre S.J. van der Zant, Nicolás Agraït
Quantum interference plays an important role in charge transport through single-molecule junctions, even at room temperature. Of special interest is the measurement of the destructive quantum interference dip itself. Such measurements are especially demanding when performed in a continuous mode of operation. Here, we use mechanical modulation experiments at ambient conditions to reconstruct the destructive quantum interference dip of conductance versus displacement. Simultaneous measurements of the Seebeck coefficient show a sinusoidal response across the dip without sign change. Calculations that include electrode distance and energy alignment variations explain both observations quantitatively, emphasizing the crucial role of thermal fluctuations for measurements under ambient conditions. Our results open the way for establishing a closer link between break-junction experiments and theory in explaining single-molecule transport phenomena, especially when describing sharp features in the transmission.
...
Quantum interference plays an important role in charge transport through single-molecule junctions, even at room temperature. Of special interest is the measurement of the destructive quantum interference dip itself. Such measurements are especially demanding when performed in a continuous mode of operation. Here, we use mechanical modulation experiments at ambient conditions to reconstruct the destructive quantum interference dip of conductance versus displacement. Simultaneous measurements of the Seebeck coefficient show a sinusoidal response across the dip without sign change. Calculations that include electrode distance and energy alignment variations explain both observations quantitatively, emphasizing the crucial role of thermal fluctuations for measurements under ambient conditions. Our results open the way for establishing a closer link between break-junction experiments and theory in explaining single-molecule transport phenomena, especially when describing sharp features in the transmission.
Journal article
(2023)
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Shima Ghasemi, L. Ornago, Zacharias Liasi, S. van der Poel, Helen Hölzel, Zhihang Wang, H.S.J. van der Zant, Samuel Lara-Avila, Kasper Moth-Poulsen, More authors...
To achieve the ultimate limit of device miniaturization, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the structure–property relationship in functional molecular systems used in single-molecule electronics. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of norbornadiene derivatives capped with thioether and thioester anchor groups. Utilizing the mechanically controllable break junction technique, the impact of these capping groups on conductance across single-molecule junctions is investigated. Among the selection of anchor groups, norbornadiene capped with thioacetate and tert-butyl groups exhibits higher conductance (G ≈ 4 × 10−4 G0) compared to methyl thioether (G ≈ 2 × 10−4 G0). Electronic transmission through the considered set of single-molecule junctions has been simulated. The computational results for electron transport across these junctions align closely with the experimental findings, with the thioacetate- and tert-butyl-substituted systems outperforming the methyl thioether-capped derivative. In terms of junction stability, the methyl thioether-capped system is the most resilient, maintaining consistent conductance even after approximately 10 000 cycles. Meanwhile, the likelihood of observing molecular plateaus in both the thioacetate- and tert-butyl-substituted systems declines over time. These findings substantially advance both the design and understanding of functional molecular systems in the realm of single-molecule electronics, particularly in the context of molecular photoswitches.
...
To achieve the ultimate limit of device miniaturization, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the structure–property relationship in functional molecular systems used in single-molecule electronics. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of norbornadiene derivatives capped with thioether and thioester anchor groups. Utilizing the mechanically controllable break junction technique, the impact of these capping groups on conductance across single-molecule junctions is investigated. Among the selection of anchor groups, norbornadiene capped with thioacetate and tert-butyl groups exhibits higher conductance (G ≈ 4 × 10−4 G0) compared to methyl thioether (G ≈ 2 × 10−4 G0). Electronic transmission through the considered set of single-molecule junctions has been simulated. The computational results for electron transport across these junctions align closely with the experimental findings, with the thioacetate- and tert-butyl-substituted systems outperforming the methyl thioether-capped derivative. In terms of junction stability, the methyl thioether-capped system is the most resilient, maintaining consistent conductance even after approximately 10 000 cycles. Meanwhile, the likelihood of observing molecular plateaus in both the thioacetate- and tert-butyl-substituted systems declines over time. These findings substantially advance both the design and understanding of functional molecular systems in the realm of single-molecule electronics, particularly in the context of molecular photoswitches.
Spin-Crossover in Supramolecular Iron(II)-2,6-bis(1 H-Pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine Complexes
Toward Spin-State Switchable Single-Molecule Junctions
Journal article
(2022)
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Senthil Kumar Kuppusamy, Asato Mizuno, Amador García-Fuente, Sebastiaan Van Der Poel, Benoît Heinrich, Jaime Ferrer, Herre S.J. Van Der Zant, Mario Ruben
Spin-crossover (SCO) active iron(II) complexes are an integral class of switchable and bistable molecular materials. Spin-state switching properties of the SCO complexes have been studied in the bulk and single-molecule levels to progress toward fabricating molecule-based switching and memory elements. Supramolecular SCO complexes featuring anchoring groups for metallic electrodes, for example, gold (Au), are ideal candidates to study spin-state switching at the single-molecule level. In this study, we report on the spin-state switching characteristics of supramolecular iron(II) complexes 1 and 2 composed of functional 4-([2,2′-bithiophen]-5-ylethynyl)-2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (L1) and 4-(2-(5-(5-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)ethynyl)-2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (L2) ligands, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed stretching-induced spin-state switching in a molecular junction composed of complex 1, taken as a representative example, and gold electrodes. Single-molecule conductance traces revealed the unfavorable orientation of the complexes in the junctions to demonstrate the spin-state dependence of the conductance.
...
Spin-crossover (SCO) active iron(II) complexes are an integral class of switchable and bistable molecular materials. Spin-state switching properties of the SCO complexes have been studied in the bulk and single-molecule levels to progress toward fabricating molecule-based switching and memory elements. Supramolecular SCO complexes featuring anchoring groups for metallic electrodes, for example, gold (Au), are ideal candidates to study spin-state switching at the single-molecule level. In this study, we report on the spin-state switching characteristics of supramolecular iron(II) complexes 1 and 2 composed of functional 4-([2,2′-bithiophen]-5-ylethynyl)-2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (L1) and 4-(2-(5-(5-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)ethynyl)-2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (L2) ligands, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed stretching-induced spin-state switching in a molecular junction composed of complex 1, taken as a representative example, and gold electrodes. Single-molecule conductance traces revealed the unfavorable orientation of the complexes in the junctions to demonstrate the spin-state dependence of the conductance.
Conference paper
(2020)
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Y. Gan, B. Mirzaei, S. Van Der Poel, J. R. Silva, M. Finkel, M. Ridder, Q. Hu, F. F.S. Van Der Tak, J. R. Gao, More Authors...
Journal article
(2020)
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Yuner Gan, Behnam Mirzaei, Sebastiaan Van Der Poel, Jose R.G. Silva, Matvey Finkel, Martin Eggens, Marcel Ridder, Ali Khalatpour, Jian Rong Gao, More Authors...
We present a terahertz spatial filter consisting of two back-to-back (B2B) mounted elliptical silicon lenses and an opening aperture defined on a thin gold layer between the lenses. The beam filtering efficiency of the B2B lens system is investigated by simulation and experiment. Using a unidirectional antenna coupled 3rd-order distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 3.86 THz as the source, the B2B lens system shows 72% transmissivity experimentally with a fundamental Gaussian mode as the input, in reasonably good agreement with the simulated value of 80%. With a proper aperture size, the B2B lens system is capable of filtering the non-Gaussian beam from the QCL to a nearly fundamental Gaussian beam, where Gaussicity increases from 74% to 99%, and achieves a transmissivity larger than 30%. Thus, this approach is proven to be an effective beam shaping technique for QCLs, making them to be suitable local oscillators in the terahertz range with a Gaussian beam. Besides, the B2B lens system is applicable to a wide frequency range if the wavelength dependent part is properly scaled.
...
We present a terahertz spatial filter consisting of two back-to-back (B2B) mounted elliptical silicon lenses and an opening aperture defined on a thin gold layer between the lenses. The beam filtering efficiency of the B2B lens system is investigated by simulation and experiment. Using a unidirectional antenna coupled 3rd-order distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 3.86 THz as the source, the B2B lens system shows 72% transmissivity experimentally with a fundamental Gaussian mode as the input, in reasonably good agreement with the simulated value of 80%. With a proper aperture size, the B2B lens system is capable of filtering the non-Gaussian beam from the QCL to a nearly fundamental Gaussian beam, where Gaussicity increases from 74% to 99%, and achieves a transmissivity larger than 30%. Thus, this approach is proven to be an effective beam shaping technique for QCLs, making them to be suitable local oscillators in the terahertz range with a Gaussian beam. Besides, the B2B lens system is applicable to a wide frequency range if the wavelength dependent part is properly scaled.