Satellite tracking is used to predict a satellite’s orbit to communicate and perform other key functions. It is commonly performed using large ground-based radars with an accuracy of 1 to 10 km or specialized onboard satellite systems. Ground optical systems are a proliferating technology for satellite tracking, identification, and communications. Such optical systems have a narrow field of view, and to ensure smooth and quick satellite acquisition, the satellite must be tracked with higher accuracy (in the order of 100 m). Hence, to allow for optical ground systems to function smoothly they require satellite tracking systems providing sufficient accuracy which is not common for small satellites.
This work analyses two radio-based methods to provide sufficiently accurate satellite tracking for the next TU Delft satellite to be acquired optically. These methods utilize the innate satellite radio communications subsystem of the satellite without modifications. To optimize the analysis work, the model complexity was gradually built up. The first method analysed is phase interferometry, which based on a first-order model, turned out to be non-viable. The second method investigated is time difference of arrival. Increasingly more sophisticated models were developed to understand its performance and limitations. For example, for Delfi-PQ, by utilizing 25 ground stations in a square configuration with 1000 km baseline and a noise level of 236 ns (71 m), the target satellite in a 500 km circular orbit can be acquired, with at least the required accuracy, for 18% of the area where the satellite can be received by a minimum of 4 ground stations. It is expected that this performance can be improved through future work. Specifically, by utilizing multiple measurements taken at different times, the satellite orbital parameters can be estimated directly.
We conclude time difference of arrival to be a promising method for further research, development, and eventual implementation by TU Delft. The approach and structure of an even more sophisticated model is detailed for future work.

Project Cardinal, also known as the Mars 2030 mission, aims to provide a reusable system for manned return missions to Mars. The project goal is to perform a first launch by 2030, where a crew of 10 astronauts will stay on Mars for aminimumof one month before returning to Earth. This is summarised in theMission Need Statement.