The middle Eocene Dongying sag in the Bohai Bay Basin of China has an estimated shale oil resource of approximately 1.1 billion t (8.06 billion bbl); flows of shale oil have been produced in the succession from tens of wells, where the daily production of a single well generally varies between 10 and 100 t (73.3–733 bbl). Therein, the mudrock successions composed of meter-scale mudstone–limestone couplets are the most important shale oil-producing layers. The controls on the deposition of the meter-scale mudstone–limestone couplets, however, remain enigmatic, constraining the analysis of lithofacies and, therefore, sweet spot distributions. Here, we analyze three continuously cored organic-rich successions of mudstone–limestone couplets (371 m [1217 ft] in total) in the middle Eocene Dongying sag, accompanied by decimeter- to meter-scale sampling and testing of mineralogy, organic geochemistry, and paleontology of the rocks. Our integrated cyclostratigraphic analysis shows that the observed mudstone–limestone couplets occur at periods that coincide with Milankovitch periodicities; 21-k.y. precession cycles are the main driver of the meter-scale mudstone–limestone couplets, with additional imprints of 41-k.y. obliquity cycles. Specifically, precession minima are associated with high summer insolation and consequently high summer monsoonal precipitation, which increased river discharge and terrigenous input to the basin, resulting in the deposition of siliciclastic-rich mudstones. In the study, low summer insolation during precession maxima led to decreased summer monsoonal precipitation, lower river discharge and terrigenous input, and increased lake water salinity, resulting in the deposition of authigenic lime mudstones. The shale reservoir quality kept pace with the orbital climate changes; compared with lime mudstones deposited during precession maxima, mudstones deposited during precession minima had higher total organic carbon, porosity, and oil content, but lower brittleness.@en

In this Article, a processing error led to the wrong versions of Fig. 3 and Extended Data Fig. 4 being published. Figure 3e did not include the entirety of the eastern Africa soil carbonate δ13C database as compiled by ref. 13. Fig. 3 of the original Article has been corrected, and Fig. 1 of this Amendment shows the original and corrected Fig. 3 side by side, for transparency. In the Methods section of the original Article, there are further details about how this record has been produced. The last paragraph of the Methods has been corrected; the original text was: “On the basis of ref. 13, time series of δ13C values from soil carbonate were combined for the Omo-Turkana Basin and the southern Kenyan-Tanzanian sites using their medians, and interquartile ranges using six-data-point bins.” Furthermore, the original version of Extended Data Fig. 4 did not display data from eastern African hominin site Afar; the figure and caption have been updated accordingly, and the original and corrected versions are shown as Fig. 2 to this Amendment. These changes do not alter any inferences drawn from the data. These errors have been corrected in the online version of the Article.@en

In this Article, a processing error led to the wrong versions of Fig. 3 and Extended Data Fig. 4 being published. Figure 3e did not include the entirety of the eastern Africa soil carbonate δ13C database as compiled by ref. 13. Fig. 3 of the original Article has been corrected, and Fig. 1 of this Amendment shows the original and corrected Fig. 3 side by side, for transparency. In the Methods section of the original Article, there are further details about how this record has been produced. The last paragraph of the Methods has been corrected; the original text was: “On the basis of ref. 13, time series of δ13C values from soil carbonate were combined for the Omo-Turkana Basin and the southern Kenyan-Tanzanian sites using their medians, and interquartile ranges using six-data-point bins.” Furthermore, the original version of Extended Data Fig. 4 did not display data from eastern African hominin site Afar; the figure and caption have been updated accordingly, and the original and corrected versions are shown as Fig. 2 to this Amendment. These changes do not alter any inferences drawn from the data. These errors have been corrected in the online version of the Article.@en

In this Article, a processing error led to the wrong versions of Fig. 3 and Extended Data Fig. 4 being published. Figure 3e did not include the entirety of the eastern Africa soil carbonate δ13C database as compiled by ref. 13. Fig. 3 of the original Article has been corrected, and Fig. 1 of this Amendment shows the original and corrected Fig. 3 side by side, for transparency. In the Methods section of the original Article, there are further details about how this record has been produced. The last paragraph of the Methods has been corrected; the original text was: “On the basis of ref. 13, time series of δ13C values from soil carbonate were combined for the Omo-Turkana Basin and the southern Kenyan-Tanzanian sites using their medians, and interquartile ranges using six-data-point bins.” Furthermore, the original version of Extended Data Fig. 4 did not display data from eastern African hominin site Afar; the figure and caption have been updated accordingly, and the original and corrected versions are shown as Fig. 2 to this Amendment. These changes do not alter any inferences drawn from the data. These errors have been corrected in the online version of the Article.@en

In this Article, a processing error led to the wrong versions of Fig. 3 and Extended Data Fig. 4 being published. Figure 3e did not include the entirety of the eastern Africa soil carbonate δ13C database as compiled by ref. 13. Fig. 3 of the original Article has been corrected, and Fig. 1 of this Amendment shows the original and corrected Fig. 3 side by side, for transparency. In the Methods section of the original Article, there are further details about how this record has been produced. The last paragraph of the Methods has been corrected; the original text was: “On the basis of ref. 13, time series of δ13C values from soil carbonate were combined for the Omo-Turkana Basin and the southern Kenyan-Tanzanian sites using their medians, and interquartile ranges using six-data-point bins.” Furthermore, the original version of Extended Data Fig. 4 did not display data from eastern African hominin site Afar; the figure and caption have been updated accordingly, and the original and corrected versions are shown as Fig. 2 to this Amendment. These changes do not alter any inferences drawn from the data. These errors have been corrected in the online version of the Article.@en

Alluvial deposits in the subsurface are essential for geo-energy production and storage in many regions worldwide. Accurate correlation and characterisation of alluvial stratigraphy requires an understanding of how river channels were spatially deposited, and which geomorphological processes acted upon them. This doctoral dissertation the potential of orbital forced cyclic climate control on fluvial systems and its application to reservoir characterisation and subsurface correlation. It discusses the correlation between cyclic arrangements of floodplain strata and corresponding sandstone occurrence based on an analogue outcrop study. Subsequently the methods and concepts are applied on two subsurface case studies where correlation and characterisation of the reservoir is attempted. @en

ABSTRACT The lower Eocene Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA, is an alluvial succession with a sand content varying around 25 palaeoenvironments and palaeoclimates, as well as sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis. Channel dynamics were studied at a relatively low resolution throughout the basin over the geological time from late Palaeocene to early Eocene. Here, a high-resolution study is reported to complement previous research at the basin scale. Efforts are made to document the characteristics and river planform styles of most sandstone bodies encountered through ca 300 m of alluvial stratigraphy in a 10 km2 area of the Deer Creek part of the McCullough Peaks area situated in the basin axis of northern Bighorn Basin. Four channel facies associations are recognized and ascribed to four river planform styles: crevasse channel, trunk channel, braided-like channel and sinuous-like channel, with the latter two types dominant. Braided-like and sinuous-like channel sandstone bodies differ significantly in thicknesses, being on average 6.1 m versus 9.0 m, but they have similar palaeoflow–perpendicular widths of on average 231 m and palaeoflow directions of on average N 003°. Braided-like and sinuous-like river planform styles show no spatial dependency in the 10 km2 study area. Results of this study are in line with existing basin-scale depositional models that are composed of a single axial system fed by several transverse systems dominantly from the west. The feeding of these systems could be influenced by palaeoclimate changes possibly controlling their contribution over time, thereby impacting river planform styles. At the same time, changing water discharge hydrograph, sediment load, and overbank cohesiveness may have equally driven the observed river planform style changes within the basin without a major role of catchments.@en

Orbital driven climate control on sedimentation produces regional, stratigraphically repetitive characters and so cyclostratigraphic correlation can improve correlation and identify stratigraphic trends in borehole sections. This concept is commonly used to correlate marine and lacustrine strata. However, in the alluvial domain, its use is more challenging because internal, local dynamics controlling sedimentation may interfere with the expression of cyclic climate forcing. Intervals of low net-to-gross may be important for successful application in this domain as they tend to better document regional changes. This study applies climate-based stratigraphic correlation concepts to improve well correlations, characterise vertical sand distribution, and identify potential reservoir targets in a generally low net-to-gross interval. Coarsening upward sedimentary repetitions (cyclothems) are identified and correlated with high certainty in nineteen well sections in the upper Carboniferous Westoe and Cleaver formations of the Silverpit Basin. Local sedimentary dynamics provide variability in the character of the cyclothems and several types of cyclothem are classified. Correlation of sections using cyclothems recognised on wireline logs is done twice: once manually and once semi-automatically. The semi-automated correlation is based on calculation of deviation curves which depict stratigraphic changes that are less dependent on absolute wireline values and follow vertical trends more clearly. The correlations provide composite stratigraphies that are analysed using vertical proportions curves. Both approaches yield similar results in terms of stratigraphic trends. However, for detailed correlation of wells, the manual correlation is better at accounting for any local variability within the system. The same two zones of higher net-to-gross ratios are found using both correlation methods. These are linked to palaeoclimatic changes driven by long eccentricity and the proposed climate stratigraphic model has predictive value for identifying sandstone occurrence. The climate-based stratigraphic correlation improves the assessment reservoir distribution and properties on small (10–20 m thickness) and large (100–200 m thickness) stratigraphical scales.@en

Today, the eastern African hydroclimate is tightly linked to fluctuations in the zonal atmospheric Walker circulation1,2. A growing body of evidence indicates that this circulation shaped hydroclimatic conditions in the Indian Ocean region also on much longer, glacial–interglacial timescales3–5, following the development of Pacific Walker circulation around 2.2–2.0 million years ago (Ma)6,7. However, continuous long-term records to determine the timing and mechanisms of Pacific-influenced climate transitions in the Indian Ocean have been unavailable. Here we present a seven-million-year-long record of wind-driven circulation of the tropical Indian Ocean, as recorded in Mozambique Channel Throughflow (MCT) flow-speed variations. We show that the MCT flow speed was relatively weak and steady until 2.1 ± 0.1 Ma, when it began to increase, coincident with the intensification of the Pacific Walker circulation6,7. Strong increases during glacial periods, which reached maxima after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (0.9–0.64 Ma; ref. 8), were punctuated by weak flow speeds during interglacial periods. We provide a mechanism explaining that increasing MCT flow speeds reflect synchronous development of the Indo-Pacific Walker cells that promote aridification in Africa. Our results suggest that after about 2.1 Ma, the increasing aridification is punctuated by pronounced humid interglacial periods. This record will facilitate testing of hypotheses of climate–environmental drivers for hominin evolution and dispersal.@en

Today, the eastern African hydroclimate is tightly linked to fluctuations in the zonal atmospheric Walker circulation1,2. A growing body of evidence indicates that this circulation shaped hydroclimatic conditions in the Indian Ocean region also on much longer, glacial–interglacial timescales3–5, following the development of Pacific Walker circulation around 2.2–2.0 million years ago (Ma)6,7. However, continuous long-term records to determine the timing and mechanisms of Pacific-influenced climate transitions in the Indian Ocean have been unavailable. Here we present a seven-million-year-long record of wind-driven circulation of the tropical Indian Ocean, as recorded in Mozambique Channel Throughflow (MCT) flow-speed variations. We show that the MCT flow speed was relatively weak and steady until 2.1 ± 0.1 Ma, when it began to increase, coincident with the intensification of the Pacific Walker circulation6,7. Strong increases during glacial periods, which reached maxima after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (0.9–0.64 Ma; ref. 8), were punctuated by weak flow speeds during interglacial periods. We provide a mechanism explaining that increasing MCT flow speeds reflect synchronous development of the Indo-Pacific Walker cells that promote aridification in Africa. Our results suggest that after about 2.1 Ma, the increasing aridification is punctuated by pronounced humid interglacial periods. This record will facilitate testing of hypotheses of climate–environmental drivers for hominin evolution and dispersal.@en

Sedimentation on river floodplains is a complex process that involves overbank flooding, crevasse splaying, and river avulsion. The resulting floodplain stratigraphy often exhibits floodplain aggradation cycles with alternating fine-grained overbank flooding deposits that underwent significant petrogenesis, and coarser-grained, avulsion-belt deposits largely devoid of pedogenic impact. These cycles are linked to lateral migration and avulsion of channels driven by internal dynamics, external factors, or a combination of both. To better understand the spatial and vertical variability of such floodplain aggradation cycles, we map these in three dimensions using a photogrammetric model of the lower Eocene Willwood Formation in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. This allows identifying 44 floodplain aggradation cycles in ∼300 m of strata with an average thickness of 6.8 m and a standard deviation of 2.0 m. All the cycles are traceable over the entire model, pointing to their spatial consistency over the 10 km2 study area. At the same time, rapid lateral thickness changes of the floodplain aggradation cycles occur with changes up to 4 m over a lateral distance of 400 m. Variogram analyses of both field and numerical-model results reveal stronger consistency of floodplain aggradation cycle thicknesses along the paleoflow direction compared to perpendicular to paleoflow. Strong compensational stacking occurs at the vertical scale of 2–3 floodplain aggradation cycles (14–20 m), while full compensational stacking occurs at larger scales of more than six floodplain aggradation cycles (>41 m). The lateral and vertical thickness variability of the floodplain aggradation cycles, as well as their compensational stacking behavior, are interpreted to be dominantly driven by autogenic processes such as crevasse splaying and avulsing that preferentially fill topographic lows. External climate forcing may have interacted with these autogenic processes, producing the laterally persistent and vertically repetitive floodplain aggradation cycles. The spatial variability of floodplain aggradation cycles demonstrated in this study highlights again the need for three-dimensional data collection in alluvial floodplain settings rather than depending on one-dimensional records.@en

Sedimentation on river floodplains is a complex process that involves overbank flooding, crevasse splaying, and river avulsion. The resulting floodplain stratigraphy often exhibits floodplain aggradation cycles with alternating fine-grained overbank flooding deposits that underwent significant petrogenesis, and coarser-grained, avulsion-belt deposits largely devoid of pedogenic impact. These cycles are linked to lateral migration and avulsion of channels driven by internal dynamics, external factors, or a combination of both. To better understand the spatial and vertical variability of such floodplain aggradation cycles, we map these in three dimensions using a photogrammetric model of the lower Eocene Willwood Formation in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. This allows identifying 44 floodplain aggradation cycles in ∼300 m of strata with an average thickness of 6.8 m and a standard deviation of 2.0 m. All the cycles are traceable over the entire model, pointing to their spatial consistency over the 10 km2 study area. At the same time, rapid lateral thickness changes of the floodplain aggradation cycles occur with changes up to 4 m over a lateral distance of 400 m. Variogram analyses of both field and numerical-model results reveal stronger consistency of floodplain aggradation cycle thicknesses along the paleoflow direction compared to perpendicular to paleoflow. Strong compensational stacking occurs at the vertical scale of 2–3 floodplain aggradation cycles (14–20 m), while full compensational stacking occurs at larger scales of more than six floodplain aggradation cycles (>41 m). The lateral and vertical thickness variability of the floodplain aggradation cycles, as well as their compensational stacking behavior, are interpreted to be dominantly driven by autogenic processes such as crevasse splaying and avulsing that preferentially fill topographic lows. External climate forcing may have interacted with these autogenic processes, producing the laterally persistent and vertically repetitive floodplain aggradation cycles. The spatial variability of floodplain aggradation cycles demonstrated in this study highlights again the need for three-dimensional data collection in alluvial floodplain settings rather than depending on one-dimensional records.@en