The first therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents initiated their endless arms race with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although the genes encoding antimicrobial resistance are ancient and ubiquitous in various environmental compartments, including aquatic environments, over eight decades of exposure to selective pressure has changed the way antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) emerge and transmit among the three One Health sectors (that is, the intersected sectors of humans, animals and the environment). The dissemination of ARGs has been facilitated by the widespread use of antimicrobials, along with direct and secondary pollution pathways. Current global consensus dictates that AMR should be addressed under a One Health framework. AMR National Action Plans have frequently been formulated. However, the capacity for implementation is not ready in most countries, especially in low- and middle-income regions. This is in part due to the substantial challenges in documenting and controlling cross-sector AMR connectivity. Here we describe the past and current status of AMR, emphasizing the contribution of connectivity to global AMR burden. We discuss connectivity at ecological, microbial and genetic levels; propose an approach based on genomics and metagenomics to assess connectivity; and finally advocate for cross-sector studies to better understand AMR connectivity and mitigate dissemination. We believe that such harmonized connectivity studies will facilitate coordinated actions and investments across sectors and regions to scale up AMR management globally.

Steel-concrete composite structures have been extensively used in building, bridges, and other civil engineering infrastructure. Shear stud connectors between steel and concrete are essential in composite members to guarantee the effectiveness of their behavior in terms of strength and deformability. This study focuses on investigating the shear stiffness of headed studs embedded in several types of concrete with wide range of compressive strength, and their effects on the elastic behavior of steel-concrete composite girders were evaluated. Firstly, totally 206 monotonic push-out tests from the literature were reviewed to investigate the shear stiffness of headed studs embedded in various types of concrete (NC, HPC, UHPC etc.). Shear stiffness of studs is defined as the secant stiffness of the load-slip curve at 0.5Vu, and a formulation for predicting defined shear stiffness in elastic state was proposed, indicating that the stud diameter and the elastic modulus of steel and concrete are the main factors. And the shear stiffness predicted by the new formula agree well with test results for studs with a diameter ranging from 10 to 30 mm in the concrete with compressive strength ranging from 22.0 to 200.0MPa. Then, the effects of shear stiffness on the elastic behaviors of composite girders with different sizes and under different loading conditions were analyzed, the equations for calculating the stress and deformation of simply supported composite girders considering the influence of connection's shear stiffness were derived under different loading conditions using classical linear partial-interaction theory. As the increasing of shear stiffness, the stress and deflection at the most unfavorable section under partial connected condition tend to be those under full connected condition, but the approaching speed decreases gradually. Finally, the connector's shear stiffness was recommended for fully connection in composite girders with different dimensions under different loading conditions. The findings from present study may provide a reference for the prediction of shear stiffness for headed studs and the elastic design of steel-concrete composite girder.