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F.J.J. Smit
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An overlooked aquifer in the Netherlands: Medium depth geothermal potential of the Breda Formation in the Zuiderzee Low
Reservoir characterization, dynamic simulation and legislation in a medium deep aquifer
Geothermal energy in the Netherlands is growing in general, however, medium deep geothermal (200 - 1500 m depth) is lagging behind while the potential at these depths could be very high. Development is held back by little geologic knowledge of this interval as well as legislative constraints. Better understanding of the reservoir characteristics and well design in this depth range is necessary in order to accelerate the heat transition away from fossil fuels. The Breda Formation is deemed as one of the most promising formations within the medium depth range. Therefore, this formation, particularly the part found in the Zuiderzee Low (ZZL), is the focus point of this thesis. The reservoir characteristics are determined using newly obtained cutting information, novel biostratigraphic analyses, old and new seismic interpretations and petrophysical log data, eventually leading to a static reservoir model. Consequently, the static model is upscaled and used as input for dynamic simulations in the Harderwijk case study area. The static model provides new thickness, depth, porosity, permeability and transmissivity maps of the Breda Formation in the ZZL. These maps were generated using more data (types) than the current ones present in the REGIS model, and should therefore contain less uncertainty. The dynamic model provides insights into doublet lifetimes and flow rates for three different well trajectories in two possible reservoir scenarios. The horizontal trajectory proved superior in terms of doublet lifetime and flow rate for both reservoir scenarios. Finally, the current Dutch legislative framework covering the medium depth is limiting medium deep geothermal development in the Netherlands. A revision of the 500 m depth boundary separating the Mining and Water Law jurisdictions should be considered if the full potential of the medium depth is to be accessed.
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Geothermal energy in the Netherlands is growing in general, however, medium deep geothermal (200 - 1500 m depth) is lagging behind while the potential at these depths could be very high. Development is held back by little geologic knowledge of this interval as well as legislative constraints. Better understanding of the reservoir characteristics and well design in this depth range is necessary in order to accelerate the heat transition away from fossil fuels. The Breda Formation is deemed as one of the most promising formations within the medium depth range. Therefore, this formation, particularly the part found in the Zuiderzee Low (ZZL), is the focus point of this thesis. The reservoir characteristics are determined using newly obtained cutting information, novel biostratigraphic analyses, old and new seismic interpretations and petrophysical log data, eventually leading to a static reservoir model. Consequently, the static model is upscaled and used as input for dynamic simulations in the Harderwijk case study area. The static model provides new thickness, depth, porosity, permeability and transmissivity maps of the Breda Formation in the ZZL. These maps were generated using more data (types) than the current ones present in the REGIS model, and should therefore contain less uncertainty. The dynamic model provides insights into doublet lifetimes and flow rates for three different well trajectories in two possible reservoir scenarios. The horizontal trajectory proved superior in terms of doublet lifetime and flow rate for both reservoir scenarios. Finally, the current Dutch legislative framework covering the medium depth is limiting medium deep geothermal development in the Netherlands. A revision of the 500 m depth boundary separating the Mining and Water Law jurisdictions should be considered if the full potential of the medium depth is to be accessed.
During this thesis, 2D modelling using the MOVE software suite is performed on a fold and thrust belt in the French Prealps. The area of interest is called the Couspeau area and is 72 km2. In this area, Vocontian basin sediments deposited during the Jurassic and Cretaceous can be found. The area contains well exposed fold and thrust structures. The oldest structures begin in the West, while the younger ones can be found in the East. All thrusts strike approximately N-S. These thrusts were assumed to be formed by the second Alpine orogeny. A structural map of the area was created in QGIS version 3.12.0 using geologic maps from the BRGM and using fieldwork data from Applied Earth Sciences students collected during the AESB2430 course at TU Delft. Subsequently, four E-W orientated cross sections of the area were constructed. These sections were restored using MOVE to verify if the interpretations were geologically feasible. 2D forward modelling was then applied to discover possible types of structural mechanisms which were active in this area. Possible mechanisms include fault-bend folding and regular folding. Fault propagation folding was assumed to be a suitable mechanism, but didn’t produce satisfactory forward models. Strain circles were added during forward modelling to analyse what kind of deformation is caused by different thrusting mechanisms. The restored sections were also used to calculate the total amount of shortening in the area, and how much of this shortening was caused by folding or faulting. The total amount of shortening was 24%, from which 38% was caused by faulting and 62% by folding.
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During this thesis, 2D modelling using the MOVE software suite is performed on a fold and thrust belt in the French Prealps. The area of interest is called the Couspeau area and is 72 km2. In this area, Vocontian basin sediments deposited during the Jurassic and Cretaceous can be found. The area contains well exposed fold and thrust structures. The oldest structures begin in the West, while the younger ones can be found in the East. All thrusts strike approximately N-S. These thrusts were assumed to be formed by the second Alpine orogeny. A structural map of the area was created in QGIS version 3.12.0 using geologic maps from the BRGM and using fieldwork data from Applied Earth Sciences students collected during the AESB2430 course at TU Delft. Subsequently, four E-W orientated cross sections of the area were constructed. These sections were restored using MOVE to verify if the interpretations were geologically feasible. 2D forward modelling was then applied to discover possible types of structural mechanisms which were active in this area. Possible mechanisms include fault-bend folding and regular folding. Fault propagation folding was assumed to be a suitable mechanism, but didn’t produce satisfactory forward models. Strain circles were added during forward modelling to analyse what kind of deformation is caused by different thrusting mechanisms. The restored sections were also used to calculate the total amount of shortening in the area, and how much of this shortening was caused by folding or faulting. The total amount of shortening was 24%, from which 38% was caused by faulting and 62% by folding.