The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for decarbonization, yet it has intensified the demand for critical raw materials (CRMs) like neodymium (Nd), essential for Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets used in EV traction motors. This study explores the integration of ecodesign principles into the lifecycle management of EV traction motors, with a focus on remanufacturing as a circular recovery strategy for NdFeB magnets. While recycling has been the predominant recovery strategy, this study explores the potential of remanufacturing as a complementary approach to retain embedded material value and extend traction motor lifespans.
A mixed-method approach was employed, integrating Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to map Nd flows within the EU’s EV sector, a literature review and semi-structured expert interviews to identify barriers and enablers. Key findings indicate that remanufacturing can reduce Nd losses more effectively than recycling, yet its adoption is hindered by design limitations, weak reverse logistics, and lack of economic incentives.
The study emphasizes the need for systemic transformations in EoL tracking, reverse logistics, and scalable remanufacturing infrastructure. While remanufacturing presents a viable pathway for CRM conservation, its feasibility depends on technological advancements, policy support, and industry collaboration. Future research should explore alternative motor designs, material substitution, and hybrid recovery models to further enhance circularity.