Most construction work requires building permit checks. Therefore, to promote sustainable and high-quality urban development, it is necessary to improve the building permit application process and accelerate the digital process of building permit checks.

Many studies about the digitalization of building permitting use the BIM, mainly coded in its reference open standard IFC by buildingSMART, to check compliance. However, many regulations need to consider some building context that is not supported by the current buildingSMART. This will affect the permit checks of these building contexts. The use of 3D city models for building permit checks is an alternative to BIM. 3D city models are powerful tools for city-level analysis and they can do extensions on different City Objects which able to cover the building context in the regulation, therefore it has good applicability to problems related to urban planning.

At present, there are little researches on building permit inspection based on 3D city models, so this study aims to provide an approach to use 3D city models and its extensions to support digital building permit checks. CityJSON has advantages over the CityGML data format in the development process, so it was selected as the 3D city model used in this study.

The first step is to choose the regulations for building permit checks. This involves the interpretation of the regulations, formalization process. In this study, the use case research method was selected, and the parking standards for cars and bicycles in Rotterdam were selected as the research object. We built a logic-based mechanism to map the content of the law to the corresponding 3D model. Next, we built the CityJSON conceptual model, which included four types of urban objects and expanded them. Then, the data we obtained and the data model will be stored and extended in a CityJSON model and then used for calculation and analysis in the developed tool.

Finally, through the tools developed, we successfully carried out a parking legal building permit inspection on the new building test data and stored and visualized the results. By using the framework and tool developed in this research, we can replicated the process to different places and regulations.

Open dumping, open burning and burying of municipal solid waste (MSW) can be the cause environmental and public health issues. These practices are more prevalent in developing countries such as Mexico,where proper waste management systems are not present. Considering the environmental and health issues, it is therefore important to minimise the number of open dumps in Mexico. The construction ofsanitary landfills is regarded as the best alternative to open dumping since it is the a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution.

An important part of constructing sanitary landfills is the selection of potential locations for these wastefacilities where investment will be made to build them. In order to select these locations first the weakspots need to be located. Weak spots are areas that do not have enough (proper) waste managementservices. Since Mexico does not have a national solid waste information system, a method to locate theseweak spots needs to be developed. With the use of the weak spots a method can be developed to select the potential locations for sanitary landfills that also takes the social, economical and legal constraintsinto account. The following research question is formulated: What are the weak spots in the current waste infrastructure network in Mexico and, based on this, where should strategic investment be madeto improve waste disposal? By answering this question, information will be provided on the issues withthe management of waste in Mexico with a focus on the areas of the weak spots and the locations where investment can be made to develop new sanitary landfills.

To detect the weak spots, a set of factors of different scenarios were developed, scored, overlaid, and visualised in maps. Regions that have the lowest score were detected as weak spots. To select the potential locations for investment in new sanitary landfills a spatial decision support system (SDSS) was developed and implemented as a QGIS plugin. The weak spots that corresponded to urban areas were used for analysis in the SDSS. This is due to the fact that it is more economically beneficial to construct sanitary landfills in urban areas.

The weak spot analysis showed that the southern region of Mexico, especially the state of Oaxaca, hadthe highest deficiencies in waste infrastructure. With the output from the QGIS SDSS plugin we are able to determine potential areas for new sanitary landfills in an automated manner.

This research has resulted in the visualisation of the weak spots in the Mexican waste infrastructure and the selection of potential locations where investment can be made for the construction of new sanitary landfills. The approach for locating the weak spots of the waste infrastructure can be used to find the weak spots in other types of infrastructure on a state and country scale in Mexico. The QGIS SDSS plugin could also be used to locate sanitary landfills in Mexico that violate the standards and regulations. The approach used to develop methods to detect the weak spots in the waste infrastructure and select potential locations for investment into new sanitary landfills could be used as a model for other countries to develop their specific approaches.