Until 1840, The Hague was a relatively small city. However, by 1920 its population had grown to 350,000—five times larger than in 1840—marking its transformation into a modern city. This significant growth coincided with major transportation developments, the construction of two main train stations in 1843 and 1871, and the inauguration of the first horse-drawn tram line in 1864. This thesis investigates whether and how these transportation advancements influenced the rapid expansion of the city.
A mapping analysis was conducted to trace urban changes from 1843 to 1940, spanning the opening of the Hollands Spoor station to the stagnation brought by World War II. This analysis reveals key developments: the disappearance of canals, the extension of the tram line to Scheveningen, significant northwestward expansion, the emergence of industrial zones around Hollands Spoor, and the spatial limitations created by the railway line. Chapter 5 further explores the relationship between these transformations and the transportation system.
The study shows that trains and trams had differing impacts. The railway acted as a physical barrier, slowing development in areas behind the station, while the tram system facilitated uneven urban growth, particularly toward the northwest. This was largely due to the high cost of public transport, which initially served only the upper class. As a result, affluent areas remained relatively stable, while working-class populations settled near the industrial zones surrounding the stations.
These outcomes reflect multiple historical and geographical factors. The rise of industrial zones was influenced by the Second Industrial Revolution, while the choice to locate stations in peat areas also shaped urban development. While results may differ in other geographic contexts, this thesis stresses the importance of considering multiple factors, economic, social, and environmental, when planning transportation infrastructure.