R.J. Rutte
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28 records found
1
Randstad Holland in kaart revisited
Mapping Randstad Holland revisited
The analysis reveals four distinct types of spatial development in the past two decades: large contiguous urban extensions largely resulting from earlier national planning policies (notably VINEX locations); fragmented, scattered development driven by market forces and the absence of national spatial policy; stand-alone developments such as holiday parks in sensitive landscapes; and clusters of logistics and distribution centres along motorways. Together, these patterns demonstrate a clear shift from nationally coordinated spatial planning towards locally driven and market-led development.
By projecting recent urbanisation onto long-term landscape structures, the article shows how the historical relationship between landscape, infrastructure and settlement patterns has weakened since the late twentieth century. Whereas earlier urban development was strongly guided by natural conditions and later by coherent national planning frameworks, spatial development since 2000 has become increasingly fragmented and inconsistent.
The authors conclude that the prolonged absence of national spatial policy has resulted in a lack of spatial coherence, growing pressure on landscapes, infrastructure bottlenecks and an inability to address major societal challenges such as housing shortages, climate adaptation and energy transition. The updated atlas is presented not only as an analytical tool, but also as a critical instrument for rethinking future spatial planning in the Randstad. ...
The analysis reveals four distinct types of spatial development in the past two decades: large contiguous urban extensions largely resulting from earlier national planning policies (notably VINEX locations); fragmented, scattered development driven by market forces and the absence of national spatial policy; stand-alone developments such as holiday parks in sensitive landscapes; and clusters of logistics and distribution centres along motorways. Together, these patterns demonstrate a clear shift from nationally coordinated spatial planning towards locally driven and market-led development.
By projecting recent urbanisation onto long-term landscape structures, the article shows how the historical relationship between landscape, infrastructure and settlement patterns has weakened since the late twentieth century. Whereas earlier urban development was strongly guided by natural conditions and later by coherent national planning frameworks, spatial development since 2000 has become increasingly fragmented and inconsistent.
The authors conclude that the prolonged absence of national spatial policy has resulted in a lack of spatial coherence, growing pressure on landscapes, infrastructure bottlenecks and an inability to address major societal challenges such as housing shortages, climate adaptation and energy transition. The updated atlas is presented not only as an analytical tool, but also as a critical instrument for rethinking future spatial planning in the Randstad.
De Blokjeskaart
De eerste nationale plankaart over de ruimtelijke inrichting van Nederland
The so-called Blokjeskaart, published in 1966 as part of the Second Policy Document on Spatial Planning in the Netherlands, is the first detailed national spatial planning map of the Netherlands and also the first comprehensive government policy statement on the future layout of the Netherlands. This article briefly outlines how this map is an amalgam of diverse sources and of various mapping and research traditions, such as the cartogram from the late 19th century, survey-before-plan cartographic research from the 1920s and 1930s and the so-called balls map, which shows the distribution of population concentrations across the Netherlands around 2000. ...
The so-called Blokjeskaart, published in 1966 as part of the Second Policy Document on Spatial Planning in the Netherlands, is the first detailed national spatial planning map of the Netherlands and also the first comprehensive government policy statement on the future layout of the Netherlands. This article briefly outlines how this map is an amalgam of diverse sources and of various mapping and research traditions, such as the cartogram from the late 19th century, survey-before-plan cartographic research from the 1920s and 1930s and the so-called balls map, which shows the distribution of population concentrations across the Netherlands around 2000.
De ontwikkeling van de bollenschuur
Tussen 1850 en 1965
Het doel van deze thesis is om de ontwikkeling van de bloembollenschuren vanaf 1850 tot 1965 in kaart te brengen. Het is hierbij van belang de redenen van deze ontwikkelingen hierbij vast te leggen en te kijken hoe dit van invloed is geweest. Hierbij luidt mijn hoofdvraag ‘‘Hoe zijn de bollenschuren in de Bollenstreek veranderd tussen de jaren 1850 en 1965 en waarom?’’
Hierbij wordt gekeken naar verschillende nog bestaande bollenschuren uit deze periode. Zowel het exterieur als het interieur tussen de verschillende type bollenschuren worden met elkaar vergeleken en bij verschillen wordt er gezocht naar de reden waarom een verandering heeft plaatsgevonden. Dit zal gedaan worden met bestaande literatuur en het bezoeken van verschillende bollenschuren.
Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat de grootste reden waarom er verschil zit tussen de types bollenschuren komt doordat de vraag naar bloembollen vanuit Nederland vanaf de jaren 1850 zo erg is toegenomen dat de kweker de beste conditie om de bloembol te drogen en te bewaren ook daadwerkelijk kon realiseren. Hier is een periode aan experimenteren geweest over hoe dit het beste gedaan kon worden. Uiteindelijk heeft de aanleg van elektriciteit in 1922 een grote rol in gespeeld, mechanisch ventileren werd mogelijk. Dit had effect op het exterieur van de bollenschuur, de gevel werd hierdoor meer gesloten. Daarnaast veranderde ook het belang van een bollenschuur, deze is getransformeerd van een opslag naar het uithangbord van het bedrijf. ...
Het doel van deze thesis is om de ontwikkeling van de bloembollenschuren vanaf 1850 tot 1965 in kaart te brengen. Het is hierbij van belang de redenen van deze ontwikkelingen hierbij vast te leggen en te kijken hoe dit van invloed is geweest. Hierbij luidt mijn hoofdvraag ‘‘Hoe zijn de bollenschuren in de Bollenstreek veranderd tussen de jaren 1850 en 1965 en waarom?’’
Hierbij wordt gekeken naar verschillende nog bestaande bollenschuren uit deze periode. Zowel het exterieur als het interieur tussen de verschillende type bollenschuren worden met elkaar vergeleken en bij verschillen wordt er gezocht naar de reden waarom een verandering heeft plaatsgevonden. Dit zal gedaan worden met bestaande literatuur en het bezoeken van verschillende bollenschuren.
Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat de grootste reden waarom er verschil zit tussen de types bollenschuren komt doordat de vraag naar bloembollen vanuit Nederland vanaf de jaren 1850 zo erg is toegenomen dat de kweker de beste conditie om de bloembol te drogen en te bewaren ook daadwerkelijk kon realiseren. Hier is een periode aan experimenteren geweest over hoe dit het beste gedaan kon worden. Uiteindelijk heeft de aanleg van elektriciteit in 1922 een grote rol in gespeeld, mechanisch ventileren werd mogelijk. Dit had effect op het exterieur van de bollenschuur, de gevel werd hierdoor meer gesloten. Daarnaast veranderde ook het belang van een bollenschuur, deze is getransformeerd van een opslag naar het uithangbord van het bedrijf.
Ons land is in een periode gekomen, waarin de zorg voor het in stand houden van een goed leefmilieu aan overheid en maatschappij meer dan vroeger ter harte moet gaan. Het besef daarvan dringt algemeen door. Contemporary urbanization patterns around the North Sea can only be understood by looking at their long-term development and studying how these patterns arose and evolved over the centuries. If we look no further back than the Industrial Revolution, we get a distorted picture. The fact is that urbanization patterns were for the most part already established before that period, as can be clearly seen in the composite map showing all the cities and all reference years. Major port cities like Hamburg, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp emerged during the late Middle Ages. Many other cities of importance today also date back to that period. The Industrial Revolution was decisive for only two groups of cities: those in the English Midlands and in Germany’s Ruhr area. The maps reflecting the situation in 1300 and 2015 reveal that the type of landscape had a huge impact on the urbanization patterns. Landscape provides continuity. In reaction to dramatic changes wrought by political and economic processes, the areas around the North Sea behaved like communicating vessels: the cities in the Southern Netherlands contracted, those in the Northern Netherlands expanded, Holland declined, England prospered. A succession of major economic and political processes is crucial to our understanding of the position, function and significance of today’s key North Sea cities. The foundations of urban patterns around the North Sea were established in the period before 1500. It is noteworthy that for centuries the epicentre of major port cities lay in the politically fragmented areas along the eastern shore of the North Sea where powerful and enterprising townsmen ensured an intensive exchange of goods. In the decades before and after 1600, the far-reaching political changes that occurred during the Dutch Revolt resulted in a shift in prosperity from the southern to the northern provinces, which subsequently experienced the Golden Age. While the southern provinces were constrained by their Spanish rulers, in the newly formed Republic where wealthy citizens were in charge, the cities of Holland flourished as transhipment and trading centres. During the eighteenth century, there were more dramatic shifts: the centre of gravity moved to the other side of the North Sea, to England, where the character of the economy was completely transformed by the Industrial Revolution and the main port cities were now part of a kingdom that evolved into the British Empire in which both government and entrepreneurs played an important role. Ever since industrialization took hold in northern France, Belgium and the Ruhr in the early nineteenth century, the North Sea region has been characterized by several economic epicentres that have managed to survive further far-reaching economic changes in the twentieth century. A consolidation of the pattern of cities around the North Sea occurred, seemingly due to the fact that, since the birth of the welfare state and the European Union, national governments have concentrated on the development of the economy, the population and the cities. ...
Ons land is in een periode gekomen, waarin de zorg voor het in stand houden van een goed leefmilieu aan overheid en maatschappij meer dan vroeger ter harte moet gaan. Het besef daarvan dringt algemeen door.
Contemporary urbanization patterns around the North Sea can only be understood by looking at their long-term development and studying how these patterns arose and evolved over the centuries. If we look no further back than the Industrial Revolution, we get a distorted picture. The fact is that urbanization patterns were for the most part already established before that period, as can be clearly seen in the composite map showing all the cities and all reference years. Major port cities like Hamburg, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp emerged during the late Middle Ages. Many other cities of importance today also date back to that period. The Industrial Revolution was decisive for only two groups of cities: those in the English Midlands and in Germany’s Ruhr area. The maps reflecting the situation in 1300 and 2015 reveal that the type of landscape had a huge impact on the urbanization patterns. Landscape provides continuity. In reaction to dramatic changes wrought by political and economic processes, the areas around the North Sea behaved like communicating vessels: the cities in the Southern Netherlands contracted, those in the Northern Netherlands expanded, Holland declined, England prospered. A succession of major economic and political processes is crucial to our understanding of the position, function and significance of today’s key North Sea cities. The foundations of urban patterns around the North Sea were established in the period before 1500. It is noteworthy that for centuries the epicentre of major port cities lay in the politically fragmented areas along the eastern shore of the North Sea where powerful and enterprising townsmen ensured an intensive exchange of goods. In the decades before and after 1600, the far-reaching political changes that occurred during the Dutch Revolt resulted in a shift in prosperity from the southern to the northern provinces, which subsequently experienced the Golden Age. While the southern provinces were constrained by their Spanish rulers, in the newly formed Republic where wealthy citizens were in charge, the cities of Holland flourished as transhipment and trading centres. During the eighteenth century, there were more dramatic shifts: the centre of gravity moved to the other side of the North Sea, to England, where the character of the economy was completely transformed by the Industrial Revolution and the main port cities were now part of a kingdom that evolved into the British Empire in which both government and entrepreneurs played an important role. Ever since industrialization took hold in northern France, Belgium and the Ruhr in the early nineteenth century, the North Sea region has been characterized by several economic epicentres that have managed to survive further far-reaching economic changes in the twentieth century. A consolidation of the pattern of cities around the North Sea occurred, seemingly due to the fact that, since the birth of the welfare state and the European Union, national governments have concentrated on the development of the economy, the population and the cities.
Waarom die vorm en oriëntatie van Borssele?
Herkomst en betekenis van een Zeeuwse dorpsplattegrond uit de vroege zeventiende eeuw
In verschillende publicaties worden de unieke vorm en de opmerkelijke oriëntatie van Borssele besproken. De vraag naar het waarom wordt echter zelden gesteld, laat staan beantwoord. In dit artikel doen wij een poging die vorm en oriëntatie te verklaren. Eerst behandelen we de ontstaansgeschiedenis van Borssele. Daarna volgt een analyse van de morfologie, om uiteindelijk te kunnen ingaan op de herkomst en bedoeling daarvan door Borssele te beschouwen in het licht van de eeuwenoude dorpsstichtingstraditie in de zuidwestelijke delta.
Many people in the Netherlands know the name Borssele from the nuclear power plant that is situated close to the village of Borssele, on the former island of Zuid-Beveland in the province of Zeeland. Few know, however, that the village itself is very special. It was laid out in 1616 according to a very pronounced, symmetrical plan: a rectangular square in the middle of a rectilinear street plan. Borssele is the only village in Zeeland with this kind of layout and it is not only its form that is remarkable, but its orientation as well: the village is rotated in relation to the surrounding roads and agricultural fields, something which in first instance seems quite strange and impractical.
The unique form and remarkable orientation of Borssele have been discussed in several publications. But questions regarding the why of these features are rarely asked, let alone answered. In this article we attempt to explain this atypical form and orientation. We begin with a brief account of Borssele’s early history. This is followed by an analysis of the morphology culminating in an explanation of its origins and meaning by viewing Borssele in the context of a centuries-old village planning tradition in the southwestern delta area of the Netherlands. ...
In verschillende publicaties worden de unieke vorm en de opmerkelijke oriëntatie van Borssele besproken. De vraag naar het waarom wordt echter zelden gesteld, laat staan beantwoord. In dit artikel doen wij een poging die vorm en oriëntatie te verklaren. Eerst behandelen we de ontstaansgeschiedenis van Borssele. Daarna volgt een analyse van de morfologie, om uiteindelijk te kunnen ingaan op de herkomst en bedoeling daarvan door Borssele te beschouwen in het licht van de eeuwenoude dorpsstichtingstraditie in de zuidwestelijke delta.
Many people in the Netherlands know the name Borssele from the nuclear power plant that is situated close to the village of Borssele, on the former island of Zuid-Beveland in the province of Zeeland. Few know, however, that the village itself is very special. It was laid out in 1616 according to a very pronounced, symmetrical plan: a rectangular square in the middle of a rectilinear street plan. Borssele is the only village in Zeeland with this kind of layout and it is not only its form that is remarkable, but its orientation as well: the village is rotated in relation to the surrounding roads and agricultural fields, something which in first instance seems quite strange and impractical.
The unique form and remarkable orientation of Borssele have been discussed in several publications. But questions regarding the why of these features are rarely asked, let alone answered. In this article we attempt to explain this atypical form and orientation. We begin with a brief account of Borssele’s early history. This is followed by an analysis of the morphology culminating in an explanation of its origins and meaning by viewing Borssele in the context of a centuries-old village planning tradition in the southwestern delta area of the Netherlands.
Urbanization Patterns around the North Sea
Long-Term Population Dynamics, 1300–2015
Watersysteem en stadsvorm in Holland
Een verkenning in kaartbeelden: 1575, 1680, 1900 en 2015
Op zijn kaart liet Hoekwater onder meer zien uit welke waterstaatkundige eenheden het gebied tussen Maas en IJ bestond en hoe die eenheden uitboezemden op de uitenwateren. Hoekwater had de kaart op eigen initiatief getekend, zonder opdracht van een hoogheemraadschap of enige andere organisatie. Sinds de zestiende eeuw zijn van diverse hoogheemraadschappen grote wandkaarten gemaakt in opdracht van de colleges van dijkgraaf en heemraden. Die oudere kaarten tonen het grondgebied van het betreffende hoogheemraadschap met de daarin gelegen waterlopen en de belangrijkste kunstwerken die het in beheer had. Geen van die kaarten overstijgt het schaalniveau van een enkel hoogheemraadschap. Maar de kaart van Hoekwater is niet alleen vanwege zijn schaal een uniek document. Hoekwater laat het complete watersysteem en het functioneren ervan zien op een innovatieve manier. Via de kleurschakeringen op de kaart is de loop van het water te volgen. ...
Op zijn kaart liet Hoekwater onder meer zien uit welke waterstaatkundige eenheden het gebied tussen Maas en IJ bestond en hoe die eenheden uitboezemden op de uitenwateren. Hoekwater had de kaart op eigen initiatief getekend, zonder opdracht van een hoogheemraadschap of enige andere organisatie. Sinds de zestiende eeuw zijn van diverse hoogheemraadschappen grote wandkaarten gemaakt in opdracht van de colleges van dijkgraaf en heemraden. Die oudere kaarten tonen het grondgebied van het betreffende hoogheemraadschap met de daarin gelegen waterlopen en de belangrijkste kunstwerken die het in beheer had. Geen van die kaarten overstijgt het schaalniveau van een enkel hoogheemraadschap. Maar de kaart van Hoekwater is niet alleen vanwege zijn schaal een uniek document. Hoekwater laat het complete watersysteem en het functioneren ervan zien op een innovatieve manier. Via de kleurschakeringen op de kaart is de loop van het water te volgen.
Antoon van den Wijngaerdes tekeningen van steden in de Nederlanden
Inventief geconstrueerde stadsgezichten voor Filips II
So how did Van den Wijngaerde manage to render the Netherlandish cities, most of them located on flat land, as if seen from a high viewing point with a sweeping view of the city and surrounding landscape? Van den Wijngaerde followed a fixed routine in setting up his city views, but he also made clever use of the local situation. He seized on any high point outside the city and allowed that to determine his direction of view. When several preparatory studies were necessary, he preferred to make them all looking in the same direction: the city roofscape viewed from outside the city, prominent buildings viewed from the city outskirts, and the surrounding area from the highest point in the city. This resulted in city views that were effectively a composite of three preparatory studies. When the local situation did not favour this approach, Van den Wijngaerde looked for alternatives, such as preliminary studies from more than three viewing points. In determining the viewing points that Van den Wijngaerde adopted when drawing cities in the Low Countries, the author consulted the town plans drawn by Van den Wijngaerde’s contemporary Jacob van Deventer (c. 1500-1575). ...
So how did Van den Wijngaerde manage to render the Netherlandish cities, most of them located on flat land, as if seen from a high viewing point with a sweeping view of the city and surrounding landscape? Van den Wijngaerde followed a fixed routine in setting up his city views, but he also made clever use of the local situation. He seized on any high point outside the city and allowed that to determine his direction of view. When several preparatory studies were necessary, he preferred to make them all looking in the same direction: the city roofscape viewed from outside the city, prominent buildings viewed from the city outskirts, and the surrounding area from the highest point in the city. This resulted in city views that were effectively a composite of three preparatory studies. When the local situation did not favour this approach, Van den Wijngaerde looked for alternatives, such as preliminary studies from more than three viewing points. In determining the viewing points that Van den Wijngaerde adopted when drawing cities in the Low Countries, the author consulted the town plans drawn by Van den Wijngaerde’s contemporary Jacob van Deventer (c. 1500-1575).
The dwelling as a mass product
Authenticity in post-war housing estates
De woning als massaproduct
Authenticiteit in naoorlogse woonwijken
From the early 1960s Dutch mass housing was dominated by a modernism in which the neighbourhood concept held sway. Amsterdam’s 1935 General Extension Plan served as a source of inspiration in many cities. Urban extensions were carried out within a hierarchical set-up whereby each neighbourhood was conceived as a self-contained entity with its own amenities and a strict separation of functions. Rectilinear infrastructure and wide green belts separated housing estates from their surroundings. Tabula rasa was the basic principle. ...
From the early 1960s Dutch mass housing was dominated by a modernism in which the neighbourhood concept held sway. Amsterdam’s 1935 General Extension Plan served as a source of inspiration in many cities. Urban extensions were carried out within a hierarchical set-up whereby each neighbourhood was conceived as a self-contained entity with its own amenities and a strict separation of functions. Rectilinear infrastructure and wide green belts separated housing estates from their surroundings. Tabula rasa was the basic principle.
North Sea Crossings
Historical geo-spatial mapping as a tool to understand the local development of port cities in a global context
Antoon van Wijngaerde's drawings of cities in the low countries
Cleverly constructed city views for Philip II
Stedenatlas Jacob van Deventer
226 stadsplattegronden uit 1545-1575. Schakels tussen verleden en heden