Reasonable planning of emergency evacuation paths is a significant measure to reduce potential casualties caused by floods. However, due to the complexity of evacuation environments, large-scale personnel evacuation may lead to increased road traffic load and congestion, which dynamically change the overall evacuation time under varying traffic conditions and thus affects evacuation efficiency. Therefore, by comprehensively considering the dynamic impacts of various factors on evacuation time-such as road length, class, width, bending condition, traffic load condition, crowd disturbance, an emergency evacuation path planning model with the goal of shortest evacuation time was constructed by coupling the Dijkstra Algorithm with an Impedance Function. This model was applied to the emergency evacuation path planning of Changkai dike breach in Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China. The results showed that: (1) The evacuation path planning scheme improved the overall evacuation efficiency and significantly reduced the evacuation time; (2) As the evacuation distance increases, the dynamics impact of the various factors on evacuation time cost becomes increasingly significant. In this case, the time cost of the shortest distance path will be much greater than the time cost of the shortest time path.

Urban rainstorm floods have become one of the most significant natural disasters that restrict the healthy development of the economy and society. It is imperative to reduce the risk of urban rainstorm flood disasters, which is growing along with urbanization, during the process of urban planning and construction. However, because of the complexity of urban elements, it is quite difficult to identify sensitive indicators of urban rainstorm flood disasters to provide effective guidance on flood control. In this study, the composition of urban elements was systematically proposed based on Descriptive Framework for Cities and Communities, including natural, structural, and social elements, and then a specific indicator system was established. Furthermore, Random Forest Model was used to determine the relative importance of the indicators that are closely related to the direct economic loss that reflects the severity of urban rainstorm flood disasters. Considering four cities in China, Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, and Shanghai, with different topographical and hydrological conditions, as examples, the sensitivity indicators of urban rainstorm flood disasters were identified, and the results were verified based on the catastrophe evaluation method. The results indicate that urban rainstorm flood disasters are the most sensitive to surface water resources, and are the least sensitive to relief degree of land surface. Finally, specific measures to mitigate urban rainstorm flood disasters were proposed.

The benefits of water resource utilization include social benefits, economic benefits, and ecological environmental benefits, so it is difficult to evaluate them comprehensively by adopting the traditional cost-income analysis method. Catastrophe evaluation method, which majors in dealing with uncertain problems, evaluates system synthetically based on the internal mechanism of the system. It calcu-lates the evaluation value of the system in the condition that the relative importance of the indexes is determined and the exact weights are unknown. In this paper, the comprehensive evaluation model of water resources utilization benefits is established based on the catastrophe evaluation method. Moreover, the method which embodies the important roles of various benefits effectively is applied to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of different water resources utilization schemes from 2000 to 2005 in Zhengzhou City of China. The results show that the method has good flexibility and provides a new idea for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources utilization benefits.