In urban centers, cycling is increasingly popular as an eco-friendly transportation mode and a short-distance transport option, driving higher demand for accurate bicycle travel time estimation. Policymakers need to understand bicycle traffic for urban traffic management and sustainable transport promotion, while cyclists benefit from better route planning and improved network efficiency. However, urban bicycle travel time estimation has not received as much attention as car traffic estimation and presents several challenges: 1) Limited availability of structural cycling data, which can be inaccessible due to privacy concerns and/or severely biased by user demographics. 2) The diverse and complex behaviors of cyclists. 3) The lack of strict road constraints for cyclists and frequent rule violations, complicating the model definition of a comprehensive cycling infrastructure network. This paper presents the first study on urban bicycle travel time estimation using GPS tracking data. Leveraging graph-based deep learning's ability to learn from topological network information, we introduce the Dual Graph-based approach for bicycles (DG4b), which employs two parallel encode-process-decode pipelines: one for a shared undirected road network graph to capture intrinsic road characteristics, and another for a directed trip-specific graph reflecting unique trip features. The outputs are combined to estimate road segment speeds and overall trip travel time. When applied to a real-world dataset from Berlin, our method shows superior accuracy and reliability compared to baseline models, while maintaining low complexity. Our approach provides a novel perspective on integrating bicycling-specific characteristics and aims to inspire more future research in bicycle-related traffic estimation.

To promote urban sustainability, many cities are adopting bicycle-friendly policies, leveraging GPS trajectories as a vital data source. However, the inherent errors in GPS data necessitate a critical preprocessing step known as map-matching. Due to GPS device malfunction, road network ambiguity for cyclists, and inaccuracies in publicly accessible streetmaps, existing map-matching methods face challenges in accurately selecting the best-mapped route. In urban settings, these challenges are exacerbated by high buildings, which tend to attenuate GPS accuracy, and by the increased complexity of the road network. To resolve this issue, this work introduces a map-matching method tailored for cycling travel data in urban areas. The approach introduces two main innovations: a reliable classification of road availability for cyclists, with a particular focus on the main road network, and an extended multi-objective map-matching scoring system. This system integrates penalty, geometric, topology, and temporal scores to optimize the selection of mapped road segments, collectively forming a complete route. Rotterdam, the second-largest city in the Netherlands, is selected as the case study city, and real-world data is used for method implementation and evaluation. Hundred trajectories were manually labelled to assess the model performance and its sensitivity to parameter settings, GPS sampling interval, and travel time. The method is able to unveil variations in cyclist travel behavior, providing municipalities with insights to optimize cycling infrastructure and improve traffic management, such as by identifying high-traffic areas for targeted infrastructure upgrades and optimizing traffic light settings based on cyclist waiting times.