Accurately predicting runoff is crucial for managing water resources, preventing and mitigating floods, scheduling hydropower plant operations, and protecting the environment. The hydrological dynamic composite system that forms runoff is complex and random, and seemingly random behavior may be caused by nonlinear variables in a simple deterministic system, which poses a challenge to runoff prediction. In this paper, we construct parallel and multi-timescale reservoirs from a chaotic theory perspective to simulate the stochasticity of chaotic systems. We propose a multi-task-based "Decomposition-Integration-Prediction" (Multi-SDIPC) model for runoff prediction. To validate our research results, we use the Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-Sample Studies (CAMELS) dataset and compare our proposed model with 10 baseline models. The results show that our model has an average NSE metric of 0.83 and exhibits higher accuracy, better generalization, and greater stability than the other models in multi-step forecasting. Based on our findings, we recommend wider application of the Multi-SDIPC model in different regions of the world for medium or long-term runoff prediction.

In this work, thin-film lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) acoustic delay line (ADL) based oscillators are experimentally investigated for the first time for the application of single-mode oscillators and frequency comb generation. The design space for the ADL-based oscillator is first analyzed, illustrating that the key to low phase noise lies in high center frequency (fo), large delay (τ G), and low insertion loss (IL) of the delay. Therefore, two self-sustained oscillators employing low noise amplifiers (LNA) and a low IL, long delay (fo=157MHz, IL =2.9dB, τG= 200-440ns) SH₀ mode ADLs are designed for a case study. The two SH₀ ADL oscillators show measured phase noise of -109 dBc/Hz and -127 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz offset while consuming 16 mA and 48 mA supply currents, respectively. Although the carrier power of the proposed oscillator is lower than published state-of-the-art ADL oscillators, competitive phase noise performance is still attained thanks to the low IL. Finally, frequency comb generation is also demonstrated with the same delay line and a commercial RF feedback amplifier, showing a comb spacing of 3.4 MHz that matches the open-loop characterization.

An RF oscillator has been demonstrated using a wideband SH₀ mode lithium niobate acoustic delay line (ADL). The design space of the ADL-based oscillators is theoretically investigated using the classical linear time-invariant (LTI) phase noise model. The analysis reveals that the key to low phase noise is low insertion loss (IL), large delay (τ_G), and high carrier frequency ( f_o). Two SH₀ ADL oscillators based on a single SH₀ ADL ( f_o = 157 MHz, IL = 3.2 dB, τ_G = 270ns) but with different loop amplifiers have been measured, showing low phase noise of -114 dBc/Hz and -127 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz offset with a carrier power level of -8 dBm and 0.5 dBm, respectively. These oscillators not only have surpassed other Lamb wave delay oscillators but also compete favorably with surface acoustic wave (SAW) delay line oscillators in performance. [2019-0223].

This paper demonstrates low-loss acoustic delay lines (ADLs) based on shear-horizontal waves in thin-film LiNbO ₃ for the first time. Due to its high electromechanical coupling, the shear-horizontal mode is suited for producing devices with large bandwidths. Here, we show that shear-horizontal waves in LiNbO ₃ thin films are also excellent for implementing low-loss ADLs based on unidirectional transducers. The high acoustic reflections and large transducer unidirectionality induced by the mechanical loading of the electrodes on a LiNbO ₃ thin film provide a great tradeoff between delay line insertion loss and bandwidth. The directionality for two different types of unidirectional transducers has been characterized. Delay lines with variations in the key design parameters have been designed, fabricated, and measured. One of our fabricated devices has shown a group delay of 75 ns with an IL below 2 dB over a 3-dB bandwidth of 16 MHz centered at 160 MHz (fractional bandwidth = 10%). The measured insertion loss for other devices with longer delays and different numbers of transducer cells are analyzed, and the loss contributing factors and their possible mitigation are discussed.

This paper presents the design and experimental results of the first chip-scale radio frequency MEMS gyrator based on hybridizing Lorentz-force and piezoelectric transduction. The MEMS gyrator has a non-reciprocal phase response of 180° and can be used as the building blocks for synthesizing complex non-reciprocal networks. The equivalent circuit and measured performance of a fabricated MEMS gyrator are presented, both showing the anticipated 180° phase difference. The demonstration marks the first time that non-reciprocity is attained at radio frequencies with an entirely passive chip-scale mechanical device. Various challenges in achieving strong coupling and low insertion loss for the designed devices will be discussed.