E. Kalogianni
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39 records found
1
Spatial plan registration and compliance checks in Estonia, based on LADM part 5
Spatial plan information
Journal article
(2025)
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Simay Batum, Eftychia Kalogianni, Marjan Broekhuizen, Christopher Raitviir, Kermo Mägi, Peter Van Oosterom
This research explores the automation of compliance checks in the early stages ofspatial planning by integrating Industry Foundation Classes (ISO 16739) withthe Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Part 5: Spatial Plan Information (ISO 19152-5). Traditional planning processes rely on manual assessments,making them time-consuming, prone to errors, and inefficient. While recentresearch has focused primarily on automating the permitting phase, this studyaddresses an earlier step: verifying spatial plans against regulatoryframeworks. By introducing a standardized approach, the research aims toenhance data management, improve interoperability, and ensure adherence tointernational standards. Automating early compliance checks – such as verifyingbuilding height restrictions or required distances between structures – helpsstreamline the planning process, ensuring that only plans meeting regulatoryrequirements advance to the design approval phase. Estonia is selected as acase study due to its highly developed digital infrastructure and commitment toimproving e-government services.
...
This research explores the automation of compliance checks in the early stages ofspatial planning by integrating Industry Foundation Classes (ISO 16739) withthe Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Part 5: Spatial Plan Information (ISO 19152-5). Traditional planning processes rely on manual assessments,making them time-consuming, prone to errors, and inefficient. While recentresearch has focused primarily on automating the permitting phase, this studyaddresses an earlier step: verifying spatial plans against regulatoryframeworks. By introducing a standardized approach, the research aims toenhance data management, improve interoperability, and ensure adherence tointernational standards. Automating early compliance checks – such as verifyingbuilding height restrictions or required distances between structures – helpsstreamline the planning process, ensuring that only plans meeting regulatoryrequirements advance to the design approval phase. Estonia is selected as acase study due to its highly developed digital infrastructure and commitment toimproving e-government services.
This special issue on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and 3D Land Administration (3D LA) containsthe eight best, updated papers from the FIG’s (International Federation of Surveyors) 12th International Workshop onLADM & 3D LA. The 3DLA2024 Workshop is one of the activities of the LADM & 3D LA Working Group (WG), a joint initiat-ive of FIG Commission 3 (Spatial Information Management) and Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management). [...]
...
This special issue on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and 3D Land Administration (3D LA) containsthe eight best, updated papers from the FIG’s (International Federation of Surveyors) 12th International Workshop onLADM & 3D LA. The 3DLA2024 Workshop is one of the activities of the LADM & 3D LA Working Group (WG), a joint initiat-ive of FIG Commission 3 (Spatial Information Management) and Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management). [...]
BIM/IFC as input for registering apartment rights in a 3D Land Administration Systems
A prototype webservice
The need for 3D Land Administration Systems (LAS) is growing. In this respect, research is carried out in the field of 3D LAS with respect to data sources, registration of 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities and dissemination services. Within this context, BIM/IFC models are considered promising sources for 3D LAS, even though the reuse of such models from practice has not yet been examined adequately. Evaluating BIM/IFC-models from practice is crucial, since they are created for different purposes, fulfilling various design criteria. This paper investigates the technical challenges encountered when using real-world BIM/IFC-models for apartment rights’ registration in a 3D LAS. It addresses the validation of five Dutch real-world BIM/IFC-models against four technical criteria, namely: existence of IfcSpace; geometric validity; no overlap and georeferencing. The results of the validation show that the collected BIM/IFC-models lack georeference, IfcSpace and a reference to attributes related to the respective legal units in the Dutch 3D LAS. After validation the models are stored in a 3D LAS Database management system (DBMS), in which the legal spaces are enriched with information of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR’s) in line with the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM - ISO 19152:2012). The contents of the 3D LAS DBMS are visualised in a web viewer. Additionally, the design for a webservice is introduced, aiming to automate the process of validation, conversion and visualisation. The paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines for creators of BIM/IFC-models based on the outcome of the validation, as well as challenges and recommendations for implementing a validation webservice.
...
The need for 3D Land Administration Systems (LAS) is growing. In this respect, research is carried out in the field of 3D LAS with respect to data sources, registration of 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities and dissemination services. Within this context, BIM/IFC models are considered promising sources for 3D LAS, even though the reuse of such models from practice has not yet been examined adequately. Evaluating BIM/IFC-models from practice is crucial, since they are created for different purposes, fulfilling various design criteria. This paper investigates the technical challenges encountered when using real-world BIM/IFC-models for apartment rights’ registration in a 3D LAS. It addresses the validation of five Dutch real-world BIM/IFC-models against four technical criteria, namely: existence of IfcSpace; geometric validity; no overlap and georeferencing. The results of the validation show that the collected BIM/IFC-models lack georeference, IfcSpace and a reference to attributes related to the respective legal units in the Dutch 3D LAS. After validation the models are stored in a 3D LAS Database management system (DBMS), in which the legal spaces are enriched with information of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR’s) in line with the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM - ISO 19152:2012). The contents of the 3D LAS DBMS are visualised in a web viewer. Additionally, the design for a webservice is introduced, aiming to automate the process of validation, conversion and visualisation. The paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines for creators of BIM/IFC-models based on the outcome of the validation, as well as challenges and recommendations for implementing a validation webservice.
Land administration (LA) is a cornerstone of sustainable development, environmental management, and inclusive governance. Yet, many Land Administration Systems (LASs) remain fragmented and technologically outdated, limiting their capacity to meet rapid urbanisation, informal tenure, and increasing demands for transparent, data-driven decision-making. Over the past decades, substantial research has been undertaken and prototypes developed for 3D LA solutions. The advantages of such approaches are well recognised: they provide greater legal certainty, enable more accurate property valuation, and establish a robust foundation for 3D spatial planning. Nevertheless, widespread implementation has not yet materialised, largely because the concept has been regarded as impractical at national scale. This dissertation investigates how 3D LA can be integrated into the wider Spatial Development Lifecycle, emphasising on data reuse, interoperability and alignment with international standards. It also investigates how legal, technical, and organisational dimensions of LA can converge with emerging technologies, including Building Information Model, crowdsourced surveys, and high-accuracy positioning.
The key contributions include:
– an international standardised cadastral survey information model;
– an international standards’ based cadastral survey workflow;
– a methodology for developing LADM-based country profiles;
– an international standardised 3D spatial profiles of varying complexity;
– a web-based 3D LA prototype;
– the introduction of the data lifecycle concept in 3D LA.
Several of these concepts have been acknowledged by ISO and OGC and have already been adopted in LADM Edition II (ISO 19152-2:2025).
This work provides practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with the tools and vision to advance innovative, transparent, and future-ready LASs. ...
The key contributions include:
– an international standardised cadastral survey information model;
– an international standards’ based cadastral survey workflow;
– a methodology for developing LADM-based country profiles;
– an international standardised 3D spatial profiles of varying complexity;
– a web-based 3D LA prototype;
– the introduction of the data lifecycle concept in 3D LA.
Several of these concepts have been acknowledged by ISO and OGC and have already been adopted in LADM Edition II (ISO 19152-2:2025).
This work provides practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with the tools and vision to advance innovative, transparent, and future-ready LASs. ...
Land administration (LA) is a cornerstone of sustainable development, environmental management, and inclusive governance. Yet, many Land Administration Systems (LASs) remain fragmented and technologically outdated, limiting their capacity to meet rapid urbanisation, informal tenure, and increasing demands for transparent, data-driven decision-making. Over the past decades, substantial research has been undertaken and prototypes developed for 3D LA solutions. The advantages of such approaches are well recognised: they provide greater legal certainty, enable more accurate property valuation, and establish a robust foundation for 3D spatial planning. Nevertheless, widespread implementation has not yet materialised, largely because the concept has been regarded as impractical at national scale. This dissertation investigates how 3D LA can be integrated into the wider Spatial Development Lifecycle, emphasising on data reuse, interoperability and alignment with international standards. It also investigates how legal, technical, and organisational dimensions of LA can converge with emerging technologies, including Building Information Model, crowdsourced surveys, and high-accuracy positioning.
The key contributions include:
– an international standardised cadastral survey information model;
– an international standards’ based cadastral survey workflow;
– a methodology for developing LADM-based country profiles;
– an international standardised 3D spatial profiles of varying complexity;
– a web-based 3D LA prototype;
– the introduction of the data lifecycle concept in 3D LA.
Several of these concepts have been acknowledged by ISO and OGC and have already been adopted in LADM Edition II (ISO 19152-2:2025).
This work provides practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with the tools and vision to advance innovative, transparent, and future-ready LASs.
The key contributions include:
– an international standardised cadastral survey information model;
– an international standards’ based cadastral survey workflow;
– a methodology for developing LADM-based country profiles;
– an international standardised 3D spatial profiles of varying complexity;
– a web-based 3D LA prototype;
– the introduction of the data lifecycle concept in 3D LA.
Several of these concepts have been acknowledged by ISO and OGC and have already been adopted in LADM Edition II (ISO 19152-2:2025).
This work provides practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with the tools and vision to advance innovative, transparent, and future-ready LASs.
Refining the survey model of the LADM ISO 19152–2
Land registration
Journal article
(2024)
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Eftychia Kalogianni, Efi Dimopoulou, Hans-Christoph Gruler, Erik Stubkjær, Javier Morales, Christiaan Lemmen, Peter Van Oosterom
Cadastral surveying involves the delineation of property boundaries and the extent and documentation of easements and restrictions (imposed by private or public law), forming the foundation for Land Administration (LA). Survey models and processes constitute vital parts of Cadastres and Land Administration Systems (LASs). However, these models are often inadequately documented and lack standardization in practice. To address the global diversity and complexity of legal and administrative challenges in LA, standardization efforts have yielded the ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the Global Land Tool Network's (GLTN) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), and the OGC LandInfra/InfraGML standard. The current edition of the LADM focuses on standardised conceptual modelling of LA-related information, including a dedicated sub-package for Spatial and Surveying representation. As part of the ongoing LADM revision, a refined survey model is being developed to support a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches and levels of accuracy. Recognizing that surveying technology is not bound by national practices and regulations, this paper focuses specifically on the surveying aspect of LADM. It illustrates that the proposed refined survey model is applicable not only to conventional real property formation but also to participatory land rights recordation processes. The approach adopted in this research is technology-neutral, accommodating the ongoing evolution of surveying technology. It offers support for a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches, with varying levels of accuracy. As the demand for high-precision positioning has been persistent within the land mapping and surveying community, particularly since the initial adoption of GPS, aiming to achieve centimetre-level accuracies (initially confined to local services), the paper addresses the fundamental principles of the High Accuracy Service (HAS) concept within the proposed model. The main results presented in this paper are the conceptual model of the refined survey model of LADM Edition II (ISO19152–2), as well as an abstract, reference, cadastral surveying workflow following the principles of the proposed model.
...
Cadastral surveying involves the delineation of property boundaries and the extent and documentation of easements and restrictions (imposed by private or public law), forming the foundation for Land Administration (LA). Survey models and processes constitute vital parts of Cadastres and Land Administration Systems (LASs). However, these models are often inadequately documented and lack standardization in practice. To address the global diversity and complexity of legal and administrative challenges in LA, standardization efforts have yielded the ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the Global Land Tool Network's (GLTN) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), and the OGC LandInfra/InfraGML standard. The current edition of the LADM focuses on standardised conceptual modelling of LA-related information, including a dedicated sub-package for Spatial and Surveying representation. As part of the ongoing LADM revision, a refined survey model is being developed to support a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches and levels of accuracy. Recognizing that surveying technology is not bound by national practices and regulations, this paper focuses specifically on the surveying aspect of LADM. It illustrates that the proposed refined survey model is applicable not only to conventional real property formation but also to participatory land rights recordation processes. The approach adopted in this research is technology-neutral, accommodating the ongoing evolution of surveying technology. It offers support for a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches, with varying levels of accuracy. As the demand for high-precision positioning has been persistent within the land mapping and surveying community, particularly since the initial adoption of GPS, aiming to achieve centimetre-level accuracies (initially confined to local services), the paper addresses the fundamental principles of the High Accuracy Service (HAS) concept within the proposed model. The main results presented in this paper are the conceptual model of the refined survey model of LADM Edition II (ISO19152–2), as well as an abstract, reference, cadastral surveying workflow following the principles of the proposed model.
Journal article
(2024)
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Abdullah Kara, Christiaan Lemmen, Peter van Oosterom, Eftychia Kalogianni, Abdullah Alattas, Agung Indrajit
The decision to refine the existing content and to extend the scope of Edition I of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a response to requests from the international Land Administration (LA) community. This response has to be formally organised in accordance with ISO guidelines. This begins with gathering feedback from ISO/TC 211 Member States on the need for updated and enhanced capabilities of the LADM. In addition, several proposals have been made to extend the scope of the LADM Edition I. After analysing the feedback received, it was proposed to develop the LADM Edition II as a multi-part standard: Part 1 — Generic conceptual model, Part 2 — Land registration, Part 3 — Marine georegulation, Part 4 — Valuation information, Part 5 — Spatial plan information and Part 6 — Implementation aspects. In other words, Edition I focuses on land tenure, while the design and development of Edition II is based on the inclusion of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) concerning marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information as well as LADM implementation. 3D representations are relevant for all parts.This paper focuses on the design of the new structure of the second edition of the LADM and on the (operational) capabilities of this new edition in relation to the LA issues in Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually close classes), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process. The parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 are the parts in which the authors are currently involved. Part 1 will be a high-level umbrella standard; Part 2 is largely based on LADM Edition I and focuses on land registration, with an enhanced support on the surveying functionality, including new subclasses of spatial unit, and extended 3D spatial profiles. Part 3 harmonises the description of RRRs and aligns land concepts with marine aspects from the marine domain based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries Product Specification. Part 4 deals with valuation information used and produced in the context of land administration, while Part 5 deals with spatial planning information and includes the planned use of the land (zoning), resulting in RRRs. Lastly, Part 6 is planned to be about implementation of the LADM and will be developed in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
...
The decision to refine the existing content and to extend the scope of Edition I of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a response to requests from the international Land Administration (LA) community. This response has to be formally organised in accordance with ISO guidelines. This begins with gathering feedback from ISO/TC 211 Member States on the need for updated and enhanced capabilities of the LADM. In addition, several proposals have been made to extend the scope of the LADM Edition I. After analysing the feedback received, it was proposed to develop the LADM Edition II as a multi-part standard: Part 1 — Generic conceptual model, Part 2 — Land registration, Part 3 — Marine georegulation, Part 4 — Valuation information, Part 5 — Spatial plan information and Part 6 — Implementation aspects. In other words, Edition I focuses on land tenure, while the design and development of Edition II is based on the inclusion of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) concerning marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information as well as LADM implementation. 3D representations are relevant for all parts.
This paper focuses on the design of the new structure of the second edition of the LADM and on the (operational) capabilities of this new edition in relation to the LA issues in Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually close classes), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process. The parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 are the parts in which the authors are currently involved. Part 1 will be a high-level umbrella standard; Part 2 is largely based on LADM Edition I and focuses on land registration, with an enhanced support on the surveying functionality, including new subclasses of spatial unit, and extended 3D spatial profiles. Part 3 harmonises the description of RRRs and aligns land concepts with marine aspects from the marine domain based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries Product Specification. Part 4 deals with valuation information used and produced in the context of land administration, while Part 5 deals with spatial planning information and includes the planned use of the land (zoning), resulting in RRRs. Lastly, Part 6 is planned to be about implementation of the LADM and will be developed in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
Conference paper
(2024)
-
Simay Batum, Eftychia Kalogianni, Marjan Broekhuizen, Christopher Raitviir, Kermo Mägi, Peter van Oosterom
This research explores the integration of IFC with LADM Part 5 Spatial Plan Information (ISO DIS 19152-5) to standardize BIM-based permit checking processes, focusing on a case study from Estonia. Land Administration Systems (LAS) are crucial in spatial development, managing land-related information. Rapid urbanization necessitates efficient space management, promoting the adoption of digital technologies in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) presents opportunities for enhanced collaboration and data management. The main aim is to enhance efficiency, interoperability, and standardization in the compliance checks between different plan levels (e.g., Detailed Plan vs Mater Plan) by incorporating LADM Part 5 into digital frameworks. Traditional permit processes are often manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors. By integrating LADM Part 5 with IFC data, this research aims to create a standardized approach that not only improves data management and facilitates seamless information exchange but also maximizes industry and technical support to ensure compliance with international standards.
The methodology involves several key steps. First, a country profile for Estonia using LADM Part 5 is developed, tailored to the specific needs of the Estonian LAS. This profile integrates with PLANK, the Estonian spatial plan database, incorporating how Estonia acquires, stores, and requires data in their spatial plans. Next, a PostgreSQL database is created to store this profile. Pilot Detailed Plan datasets encoded in IFC format are then imported into the database using FME scripts, mapping the data to relevant sections. This integrated database supports digital permitting processes, specifically plan compliance checks between different levels of spatial plans. Throughout the research, the country profile is refined based on the optimizations of the database, driven by the specific requirements of the input data processed through FME scripts. Given that LADM is a standardized model, the database enforces specific data structures, ensuring processed data is valuable and relevant. The FME scripts facilitate this process, ensuring the data extracted from the database is standardized and user-friendly. Constraints such as maximum building height restrictions are pre-processed and stored within the database, enabling users to access this information without manually reviewing raw plan data. Later, the database was sampled using pilot datasets, with the tools and scripts made available on the research’s GitHub repository. After storing the spatial plan data in the database, data can be directly accessed by scripts designed to execute compliance checks between Detailed Plans and Master Plans, as shown in the Estonia case study. Although developing these specific checks is beyond this research's scope, the work was structured to integrate smoothly with the processes used in the Estonia case study.
Preliminary findings show that combining LADM with IFC improves data representation, enhances interoperability, and establishes a consistent standard for compliance checks between Master and Detailed Plans. This research contributes to developing standardized, reliable, and efficient permit checking systems, with important implications for urban planning and land management. ...
The methodology involves several key steps. First, a country profile for Estonia using LADM Part 5 is developed, tailored to the specific needs of the Estonian LAS. This profile integrates with PLANK, the Estonian spatial plan database, incorporating how Estonia acquires, stores, and requires data in their spatial plans. Next, a PostgreSQL database is created to store this profile. Pilot Detailed Plan datasets encoded in IFC format are then imported into the database using FME scripts, mapping the data to relevant sections. This integrated database supports digital permitting processes, specifically plan compliance checks between different levels of spatial plans. Throughout the research, the country profile is refined based on the optimizations of the database, driven by the specific requirements of the input data processed through FME scripts. Given that LADM is a standardized model, the database enforces specific data structures, ensuring processed data is valuable and relevant. The FME scripts facilitate this process, ensuring the data extracted from the database is standardized and user-friendly. Constraints such as maximum building height restrictions are pre-processed and stored within the database, enabling users to access this information without manually reviewing raw plan data. Later, the database was sampled using pilot datasets, with the tools and scripts made available on the research’s GitHub repository. After storing the spatial plan data in the database, data can be directly accessed by scripts designed to execute compliance checks between Detailed Plans and Master Plans, as shown in the Estonia case study. Although developing these specific checks is beyond this research's scope, the work was structured to integrate smoothly with the processes used in the Estonia case study.
Preliminary findings show that combining LADM with IFC improves data representation, enhances interoperability, and establishes a consistent standard for compliance checks between Master and Detailed Plans. This research contributes to developing standardized, reliable, and efficient permit checking systems, with important implications for urban planning and land management. ...
This research explores the integration of IFC with LADM Part 5 Spatial Plan Information (ISO DIS 19152-5) to standardize BIM-based permit checking processes, focusing on a case study from Estonia. Land Administration Systems (LAS) are crucial in spatial development, managing land-related information. Rapid urbanization necessitates efficient space management, promoting the adoption of digital technologies in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) presents opportunities for enhanced collaboration and data management. The main aim is to enhance efficiency, interoperability, and standardization in the compliance checks between different plan levels (e.g., Detailed Plan vs Mater Plan) by incorporating LADM Part 5 into digital frameworks. Traditional permit processes are often manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors. By integrating LADM Part 5 with IFC data, this research aims to create a standardized approach that not only improves data management and facilitates seamless information exchange but also maximizes industry and technical support to ensure compliance with international standards.
The methodology involves several key steps. First, a country profile for Estonia using LADM Part 5 is developed, tailored to the specific needs of the Estonian LAS. This profile integrates with PLANK, the Estonian spatial plan database, incorporating how Estonia acquires, stores, and requires data in their spatial plans. Next, a PostgreSQL database is created to store this profile. Pilot Detailed Plan datasets encoded in IFC format are then imported into the database using FME scripts, mapping the data to relevant sections. This integrated database supports digital permitting processes, specifically plan compliance checks between different levels of spatial plans. Throughout the research, the country profile is refined based on the optimizations of the database, driven by the specific requirements of the input data processed through FME scripts. Given that LADM is a standardized model, the database enforces specific data structures, ensuring processed data is valuable and relevant. The FME scripts facilitate this process, ensuring the data extracted from the database is standardized and user-friendly. Constraints such as maximum building height restrictions are pre-processed and stored within the database, enabling users to access this information without manually reviewing raw plan data. Later, the database was sampled using pilot datasets, with the tools and scripts made available on the research’s GitHub repository. After storing the spatial plan data in the database, data can be directly accessed by scripts designed to execute compliance checks between Detailed Plans and Master Plans, as shown in the Estonia case study. Although developing these specific checks is beyond this research's scope, the work was structured to integrate smoothly with the processes used in the Estonia case study.
Preliminary findings show that combining LADM with IFC improves data representation, enhances interoperability, and establishes a consistent standard for compliance checks between Master and Detailed Plans. This research contributes to developing standardized, reliable, and efficient permit checking systems, with important implications for urban planning and land management.
The methodology involves several key steps. First, a country profile for Estonia using LADM Part 5 is developed, tailored to the specific needs of the Estonian LAS. This profile integrates with PLANK, the Estonian spatial plan database, incorporating how Estonia acquires, stores, and requires data in their spatial plans. Next, a PostgreSQL database is created to store this profile. Pilot Detailed Plan datasets encoded in IFC format are then imported into the database using FME scripts, mapping the data to relevant sections. This integrated database supports digital permitting processes, specifically plan compliance checks between different levels of spatial plans. Throughout the research, the country profile is refined based on the optimizations of the database, driven by the specific requirements of the input data processed through FME scripts. Given that LADM is a standardized model, the database enforces specific data structures, ensuring processed data is valuable and relevant. The FME scripts facilitate this process, ensuring the data extracted from the database is standardized and user-friendly. Constraints such as maximum building height restrictions are pre-processed and stored within the database, enabling users to access this information without manually reviewing raw plan data. Later, the database was sampled using pilot datasets, with the tools and scripts made available on the research’s GitHub repository. After storing the spatial plan data in the database, data can be directly accessed by scripts designed to execute compliance checks between Detailed Plans and Master Plans, as shown in the Estonia case study. Although developing these specific checks is beyond this research's scope, the work was structured to integrate smoothly with the processes used in the Estonia case study.
Preliminary findings show that combining LADM with IFC improves data representation, enhances interoperability, and establishes a consistent standard for compliance checks between Master and Detailed Plans. This research contributes to developing standardized, reliable, and efficient permit checking systems, with important implications for urban planning and land management.
Conference paper
(2024)
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Maria Poulaki, Nikolaos Xagoraris, Eftychia Kalogianni, Charalampos Kyriakidis, Abdullah Kara, Efi Dimopoulou
Spatial planning is a critical element of Land Administration (LA), involving the assessment and management of land use, development, environmental protection, and the optimal utilization of land resources. Recognizing the significance of integrating spatial planning information into the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) framework, LADM Edition II introduces a dedicated part for spatial plan information -Part 5. This paper delves into the conceptualization and development of the LADM Part 5 – Spatial Plan Information country profile for Greece (GR_SP_LADM). The development of this profile aims to enhance the applicability of LADM Edition II Part 5 and to support better planning, monitoring, and management of spatial data in alignment with Greek regulations.
Spatial planning in Greece operates on multiple levels—national, regional, and local/municipal—each corresponding to different scales of implementation. The national level offers broad spatial guidelines, while the local level focuses on community-specific planning, which may encompass one or more municipalities or even regional or hyper-local areas. Given the complexity of spatial planning processes in Greece, standardization is vital for ensuring interoperability across the different hierarchical levels of government and stakeholders. This paper aims to make the organization of spatial planning-related information in Greece more efficient and transparent, thereby promoting sustainable growth and urban development using consistent spatial data structures and clear legal and administrative procedures.
Therefore, the paper examines the country profiles of LADM Part 5 that have been developed (as in the case of Indonesia, Turkey and others), with a focus on the current state and evolution of spatial planning in Greece. It maps the existing spatial planning framework against the concepts and classes of LADM Part 5, resulting in the development of a tailored country profile for Greece. This profile is illustrated through UML diagrams and at the next step of this research, it will be implemented in a database and validated through instance-level diagrams and practical implementation using 2 case studies. Future work includes the comparison of the country profile for LADM Part 5 for Greece, with the profile developed for Turkey using corresponding use cases. ...
Spatial planning in Greece operates on multiple levels—national, regional, and local/municipal—each corresponding to different scales of implementation. The national level offers broad spatial guidelines, while the local level focuses on community-specific planning, which may encompass one or more municipalities or even regional or hyper-local areas. Given the complexity of spatial planning processes in Greece, standardization is vital for ensuring interoperability across the different hierarchical levels of government and stakeholders. This paper aims to make the organization of spatial planning-related information in Greece more efficient and transparent, thereby promoting sustainable growth and urban development using consistent spatial data structures and clear legal and administrative procedures.
Therefore, the paper examines the country profiles of LADM Part 5 that have been developed (as in the case of Indonesia, Turkey and others), with a focus on the current state and evolution of spatial planning in Greece. It maps the existing spatial planning framework against the concepts and classes of LADM Part 5, resulting in the development of a tailored country profile for Greece. This profile is illustrated through UML diagrams and at the next step of this research, it will be implemented in a database and validated through instance-level diagrams and practical implementation using 2 case studies. Future work includes the comparison of the country profile for LADM Part 5 for Greece, with the profile developed for Turkey using corresponding use cases. ...
Spatial planning is a critical element of Land Administration (LA), involving the assessment and management of land use, development, environmental protection, and the optimal utilization of land resources. Recognizing the significance of integrating spatial planning information into the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) framework, LADM Edition II introduces a dedicated part for spatial plan information -Part 5. This paper delves into the conceptualization and development of the LADM Part 5 – Spatial Plan Information country profile for Greece (GR_SP_LADM). The development of this profile aims to enhance the applicability of LADM Edition II Part 5 and to support better planning, monitoring, and management of spatial data in alignment with Greek regulations.
Spatial planning in Greece operates on multiple levels—national, regional, and local/municipal—each corresponding to different scales of implementation. The national level offers broad spatial guidelines, while the local level focuses on community-specific planning, which may encompass one or more municipalities or even regional or hyper-local areas. Given the complexity of spatial planning processes in Greece, standardization is vital for ensuring interoperability across the different hierarchical levels of government and stakeholders. This paper aims to make the organization of spatial planning-related information in Greece more efficient and transparent, thereby promoting sustainable growth and urban development using consistent spatial data structures and clear legal and administrative procedures.
Therefore, the paper examines the country profiles of LADM Part 5 that have been developed (as in the case of Indonesia, Turkey and others), with a focus on the current state and evolution of spatial planning in Greece. It maps the existing spatial planning framework against the concepts and classes of LADM Part 5, resulting in the development of a tailored country profile for Greece. This profile is illustrated through UML diagrams and at the next step of this research, it will be implemented in a database and validated through instance-level diagrams and practical implementation using 2 case studies. Future work includes the comparison of the country profile for LADM Part 5 for Greece, with the profile developed for Turkey using corresponding use cases.
Spatial planning in Greece operates on multiple levels—national, regional, and local/municipal—each corresponding to different scales of implementation. The national level offers broad spatial guidelines, while the local level focuses on community-specific planning, which may encompass one or more municipalities or even regional or hyper-local areas. Given the complexity of spatial planning processes in Greece, standardization is vital for ensuring interoperability across the different hierarchical levels of government and stakeholders. This paper aims to make the organization of spatial planning-related information in Greece more efficient and transparent, thereby promoting sustainable growth and urban development using consistent spatial data structures and clear legal and administrative procedures.
Therefore, the paper examines the country profiles of LADM Part 5 that have been developed (as in the case of Indonesia, Turkey and others), with a focus on the current state and evolution of spatial planning in Greece. It maps the existing spatial planning framework against the concepts and classes of LADM Part 5, resulting in the development of a tailored country profile for Greece. This profile is illustrated through UML diagrams and at the next step of this research, it will be implemented in a database and validated through instance-level diagrams and practical implementation using 2 case studies. Future work includes the comparison of the country profile for LADM Part 5 for Greece, with the profile developed for Turkey using corresponding use cases.
Bridging Sustainable Development Goals and Land Administration
The Role of the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model in SDG Indicator Formalization
Journal article
(2024)
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Mengying Chen, Peter Van Oosterom, Eftychia Kalogianni, Paula Dijkstra, Christiaan Lemmen
This study illustrates the linkages between the ISO’s Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs), highlighting the role of the LADM in promoting effective land administration suitable for efficient computation of land/water (space)-related SDG indicators. The main contribution of this study is the formalization of SDG indicators by using the ISO standard LADM. This paper proposes several SDG-indicator-related extensions to the multi-part LADM standard that is currently under revision. These extensions encompass the introduction of new procedures for calculating indicators, the integration of blueprints for external classes to fulfil additional information needs and the design of interface classes for presenting indicator values across specific countries and reporting years. In an innovative approach, this paper introduces the Four-Step Method—a powerful framework designed to formalize SDG indicators within the LADM framework. Detailed attention is devoted to specific indicators, including 1.4.2 (secure land rights), 5.a.1 (women’s agricultural land rights), 14.5.1 (protected marine areas) and 11.5.2 (valuation as a basis for direct economic loss). In short, the Four-Step Method is pivotal in eliminating ambiguities, enhancing the efficiency of indicator computation and securing more accurate indicator values that more truly reflect the progress towards SDG realization. This approach is also expected to work with other (ISO) standards for other SDG indicators.
...
This study illustrates the linkages between the ISO’s Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs), highlighting the role of the LADM in promoting effective land administration suitable for efficient computation of land/water (space)-related SDG indicators. The main contribution of this study is the formalization of SDG indicators by using the ISO standard LADM. This paper proposes several SDG-indicator-related extensions to the multi-part LADM standard that is currently under revision. These extensions encompass the introduction of new procedures for calculating indicators, the integration of blueprints for external classes to fulfil additional information needs and the design of interface classes for presenting indicator values across specific countries and reporting years. In an innovative approach, this paper introduces the Four-Step Method—a powerful framework designed to formalize SDG indicators within the LADM framework. Detailed attention is devoted to specific indicators, including 1.4.2 (secure land rights), 5.a.1 (women’s agricultural land rights), 14.5.1 (protected marine areas) and 11.5.2 (valuation as a basis for direct economic loss). In short, the Four-Step Method is pivotal in eliminating ambiguities, enhancing the efficiency of indicator computation and securing more accurate indicator values that more truly reflect the progress towards SDG realization. This approach is also expected to work with other (ISO) standards for other SDG indicators.
3D Land Administration
Current Status (2022) and Expectation for the Near Future (2026) – Initial Analysis
Conference paper
(2023)
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Eftychia Kalogianni, Peter van Oosterom, Christiaan Lemmen, Hendrik Ploeger, Rodney Thompson, Sudarshan Karki, Anna Shnaidman, Alias Abdul Rahman
This paper refers to the creation or update, organisation and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026.
The questionnaire on 3D Land Administration is conducted as a successor of the previous questionnaire on 3D Cadastres, which has been conducted three times till today, by the Working Group in 2010, 2014 and 2018. The first, documented the status in 2010 and expectations back then for 2014. This was followed by the second questionnaire (status 2014 and expectations 2018) and the third one (status of 2018 and plans for 2022).
All members/ countries the Working Group have been requested to provide information about the current the status of 3D Land Administration Systems/ Cadastres (at the end of 2022) and the expectations/plans for 2026. The purpose of the survey that is has been conducted and reported in this paper, is to make an inventory of the status of 3D Land Administration at the end of 2022 and the plans/ expectations for the near future (2026) from countries all over the world.
The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analysed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019). In total, thirty-seven (37) countries have completed the questionnaire and have been received by time of conducting the initial analysis as described in this paper. Similar to the previous questionnaires, it is likely that there will be some completed questionnaires that will be sent by the countries later. ...
The questionnaire on 3D Land Administration is conducted as a successor of the previous questionnaire on 3D Cadastres, which has been conducted three times till today, by the Working Group in 2010, 2014 and 2018. The first, documented the status in 2010 and expectations back then for 2014. This was followed by the second questionnaire (status 2014 and expectations 2018) and the third one (status of 2018 and plans for 2022).
All members/ countries the Working Group have been requested to provide information about the current the status of 3D Land Administration Systems/ Cadastres (at the end of 2022) and the expectations/plans for 2026. The purpose of the survey that is has been conducted and reported in this paper, is to make an inventory of the status of 3D Land Administration at the end of 2022 and the plans/ expectations for the near future (2026) from countries all over the world.
The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analysed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019). In total, thirty-seven (37) countries have completed the questionnaire and have been received by time of conducting the initial analysis as described in this paper. Similar to the previous questionnaires, it is likely that there will be some completed questionnaires that will be sent by the countries later. ...
This paper refers to the creation or update, organisation and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026.
The questionnaire on 3D Land Administration is conducted as a successor of the previous questionnaire on 3D Cadastres, which has been conducted three times till today, by the Working Group in 2010, 2014 and 2018. The first, documented the status in 2010 and expectations back then for 2014. This was followed by the second questionnaire (status 2014 and expectations 2018) and the third one (status of 2018 and plans for 2022).
All members/ countries the Working Group have been requested to provide information about the current the status of 3D Land Administration Systems/ Cadastres (at the end of 2022) and the expectations/plans for 2026. The purpose of the survey that is has been conducted and reported in this paper, is to make an inventory of the status of 3D Land Administration at the end of 2022 and the plans/ expectations for the near future (2026) from countries all over the world.
The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analysed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019). In total, thirty-seven (37) countries have completed the questionnaire and have been received by time of conducting the initial analysis as described in this paper. Similar to the previous questionnaires, it is likely that there will be some completed questionnaires that will be sent by the countries later.
The questionnaire on 3D Land Administration is conducted as a successor of the previous questionnaire on 3D Cadastres, which has been conducted three times till today, by the Working Group in 2010, 2014 and 2018. The first, documented the status in 2010 and expectations back then for 2014. This was followed by the second questionnaire (status 2014 and expectations 2018) and the third one (status of 2018 and plans for 2022).
All members/ countries the Working Group have been requested to provide information about the current the status of 3D Land Administration Systems/ Cadastres (at the end of 2022) and the expectations/plans for 2026. The purpose of the survey that is has been conducted and reported in this paper, is to make an inventory of the status of 3D Land Administration at the end of 2022 and the plans/ expectations for the near future (2026) from countries all over the world.
The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analysed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019). In total, thirty-seven (37) countries have completed the questionnaire and have been received by time of conducting the initial analysis as described in this paper. Similar to the previous questionnaires, it is likely that there will be some completed questionnaires that will be sent by the countries later.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), comprising of 17 Global Goals, serve as a global framework for addressing various facets of sustainable development. Several of these goals emphasize the crucial role of land management and equitable land distribution in achieving sustainable development objectives. ISO 19152, known as the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), plays a pivotal role in land administration systems globally. It provides a standardized framework for land management, including land tenure, marine georegulation, valuation, and spatial plan information. This paper explores the integration of land administration indicators within the ISO 19152 standard, aligning them with the United Nations Agenda 2030 SDGs. The process involves a systematic approach to selecting and developing these indicators. In the indicator selection phase, firstly, we establish the foundational lexicon linked to LADM then extract lexemes from SDGs indicators, analyze their semantic relationships, and evaluate their alignment with LADM; secondly, we meticulously evaluated chosen indicators by analyzing their SDG indicator metadata, focusing on the “Method of Computation" section to align these indicators with LADM's basic classes; thirdly, categorizing them based on their association with LADM. This categorization ranges from indicators with no direct correlation to those with full computational interdependence, specifically, they are: Non-Association (Category 0), Full Computational Association (Category 1), Partial Computational Association (Category 2), Indirect Association (Category 3), Association with Other International Standards (Category 4). Following indicator selection, our approach to indicator development is summarized. This entails expressing information from UN SDG "Method of Computation" documents in UML class diagrams, adding operation names and parameters to the most relevant class, and specifying implementation methods for each operation. An in-depth analysis of SDG Indicator 1.4.2 demonstrates the feasibility of deriving indicators entirely from LADM data. Finally, the paper discusses potential future work, including the integration of semantic networks and ontologies for keyword extraction, further exploration of Category 1 Indicators, and practical implementation through case studies, data collection, indicator testing, validation, and reflection.
...
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), comprising of 17 Global Goals, serve as a global framework for addressing various facets of sustainable development. Several of these goals emphasize the crucial role of land management and equitable land distribution in achieving sustainable development objectives. ISO 19152, known as the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), plays a pivotal role in land administration systems globally. It provides a standardized framework for land management, including land tenure, marine georegulation, valuation, and spatial plan information. This paper explores the integration of land administration indicators within the ISO 19152 standard, aligning them with the United Nations Agenda 2030 SDGs. The process involves a systematic approach to selecting and developing these indicators. In the indicator selection phase, firstly, we establish the foundational lexicon linked to LADM then extract lexemes from SDGs indicators, analyze their semantic relationships, and evaluate their alignment with LADM; secondly, we meticulously evaluated chosen indicators by analyzing their SDG indicator metadata, focusing on the “Method of Computation" section to align these indicators with LADM's basic classes; thirdly, categorizing them based on their association with LADM. This categorization ranges from indicators with no direct correlation to those with full computational interdependence, specifically, they are: Non-Association (Category 0), Full Computational Association (Category 1), Partial Computational Association (Category 2), Indirect Association (Category 3), Association with Other International Standards (Category 4). Following indicator selection, our approach to indicator development is summarized. This entails expressing information from UN SDG "Method of Computation" documents in UML class diagrams, adding operation names and parameters to the most relevant class, and specifying implementation methods for each operation. An in-depth analysis of SDG Indicator 1.4.2 demonstrates the feasibility of deriving indicators entirely from LADM data. Finally, the paper discusses potential future work, including the integration of semantic networks and ontologies for keyword extraction, further exploration of Category 1 Indicators, and practical implementation through case studies, data collection, indicator testing, validation, and reflection.
This paper examines the requirements based design of the LADM Edition II. The requirements are the starting point for the Abstract Test Suite (ATS, Annex A in an ISO standard). The requirements/ATS can be used to assess if a given LADM country profile with a specific application schema is conformant with the LADM standard. The requirements are a new aspect of ISO standards and this offers several benefits:
1. requirements express explicitly the needs from experts in the domain,
2. requirements are a very concise manner to describe the content of the standard,
3. requirements are used to introduce of the actual standard content (in the case of LADM, part of the UML class diagram), and as mentioned above,
4. requirements form the basis of the ATS.
This paper describes the new structure of the second edition of the standard and the capabilities of this new edition, which is organized in multiple Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually closely related classes, i.e. with relative high number of associations between the classes from one package compared to the number of cross package associations), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process.
...
This paper examines the requirements based design of the LADM Edition II. The requirements are the starting point for the Abstract Test Suite (ATS, Annex A in an ISO standard). The requirements/ATS can be used to assess if a given LADM country profile with a specific application schema is conformant with the LADM standard. The requirements are a new aspect of ISO standards and this offers several benefits:
1. requirements express explicitly the needs from experts in the domain,
2. requirements are a very concise manner to describe the content of the standard,
3. requirements are used to introduce of the actual standard content (in the case of LADM, part of the UML class diagram), and as mentioned above,
4. requirements form the basis of the ATS.
This paper describes the new structure of the second edition of the standard and the capabilities of this new edition, which is organized in multiple Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually closely related classes, i.e. with relative high number of associations between the classes from one package compared to the number of cross package associations), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process.
One of the significant challenges in current 2D Land Administration Systems (LAS) is defining and registering the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) attached to the underground objects. A 3D LAS can facilitate a better understanding, as well as a more efficient registration and clear visualisation of the RRRs than a 2D LAS, through 3D digital modelling of the legal ownership of underground objects below the surface. To register the objects below the surface in a 3D LAS, 3D physical data as well as 3D legal data shall either be registered and integrated into one model, or the physical and legal models shall be linked effectively. In the context of this paper, the IFC (ISO 16739:2018) is used to register the 3D physical data, while the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152:2012) is used to structure the legal data. To achieve the link of the respective legal and physical data, the classes of the LADM are mapped to the elements of the IFC. A standardised workflow is presented in this paper where the inclusion of the legal, organisational and technical aspects of modelling the legal ownership results in a comprehensive approach to solve the challenges that currently prevent the registration of the RRRs of 3D objects below the surface in LASs. This paper also provides a general method for mapping the LADM classes to the IFC entities. Two case studies were conducted to assess the technical aspect of the workflow, where the RRRs of objects below the surface and the parcels above the surface were registered and visualised on the 3D geospatial visualisation platform CesiumJS.
...
One of the significant challenges in current 2D Land Administration Systems (LAS) is defining and registering the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) attached to the underground objects. A 3D LAS can facilitate a better understanding, as well as a more efficient registration and clear visualisation of the RRRs than a 2D LAS, through 3D digital modelling of the legal ownership of underground objects below the surface. To register the objects below the surface in a 3D LAS, 3D physical data as well as 3D legal data shall either be registered and integrated into one model, or the physical and legal models shall be linked effectively. In the context of this paper, the IFC (ISO 16739:2018) is used to register the 3D physical data, while the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152:2012) is used to structure the legal data. To achieve the link of the respective legal and physical data, the classes of the LADM are mapped to the elements of the IFC. A standardised workflow is presented in this paper where the inclusion of the legal, organisational and technical aspects of modelling the legal ownership results in a comprehensive approach to solve the challenges that currently prevent the registration of the RRRs of 3D objects below the surface in LASs. This paper also provides a general method for mapping the LADM classes to the IFC entities. Two case studies were conducted to assess the technical aspect of the workflow, where the RRRs of objects below the surface and the parcels above the surface were registered and visualised on the 3D geospatial visualisation platform CesiumJS.
Administration questionnaires. The last FIG questionnaire 2022-2026 was just analysed and the FIG working week 2023 (Kalogianni et al. 2023, and in that paper the creation or update, organization and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026 was presented. By sharing this information among the countries/ jurisdictions, a comprehensive inventory will be created. It is expected that cooperation will improve, by learning from the different countries and jurisdictions, to support future developments in the field of 3D land administration. It is noted that, as LADM is finding increasing recognition (Kalogianni et al., 2021), it has been further incorporated into the various sections of the questionnaire. The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analyzed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019), while the initial analysis of the 4th Questionnaire has been recently presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023). This paper aims to provide an overview of the developments and plans from the initial questionnaire in 2010, till the future plans for 2026, based on the analyses that have been previously carried out (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019) and highlighting the results of the analysis from the latest questionnaire. The initial results from the latest questionnaire have been presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023), providing the main outcome from the current status (December 2022), while highlighting the priority axes till 2026 related to the developments of 3D LAS. What is more, an assessment rubric is developed by the team that prepares and analyses the questionnaires, that is actually a scoring of the responses in the various sections of the four (4) questionnaires This assessment process is the first time that is being carried out and it is executed for eight (8) countries and presented in this paper.
...
Administration questionnaires. The last FIG questionnaire 2022-2026 was just analysed and the FIG working week 2023 (Kalogianni et al. 2023, and in that paper the creation or update, organization and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026 was presented. By sharing this information among the countries/ jurisdictions, a comprehensive inventory will be created. It is expected that cooperation will improve, by learning from the different countries and jurisdictions, to support future developments in the field of 3D land administration. It is noted that, as LADM is finding increasing recognition (Kalogianni et al., 2021), it has been further incorporated into the various sections of the questionnaire. The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analyzed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019), while the initial analysis of the 4th Questionnaire has been recently presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023). This paper aims to provide an overview of the developments and plans from the initial questionnaire in 2010, till the future plans for 2026, based on the analyses that have been previously carried out (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019) and highlighting the results of the analysis from the latest questionnaire. The initial results from the latest questionnaire have been presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023), providing the main outcome from the current status (December 2022), while highlighting the priority axes till 2026 related to the developments of 3D LAS. What is more, an assessment rubric is developed by the team that prepares and analyses the questionnaires, that is actually a scoring of the responses in the various sections of the four (4) questionnaires This assessment process is the first time that is being carried out and it is executed for eight (8) countries and presented in this paper.
Conference paper
(2022)
-
Dogus Guler, Abdullah Alattas, Marjan Broekhuizen, Eftychia Kalogianni, Abdullah Kara, Peter van Oosterom
Τhe built environment has a vast and ever-growing number of complex and multi-layered buildings and other structures. The number of those is growing because of the increasing pressure on the limited space in cities. It is important to note that different professional sectors are involved in the realization of a new building. These sectors are mainly the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Owner Operator (AECOO), and land administration, which covers the cadastral registration, spatial or zoning plans, as well as property valuation. Noteworthy to mention at this point is, that today the subdivision plans regarding apartment rights in buildings are to be provided on the floor plans as submitted with the building/construction permit request. These plans show the apartment boundaries as twodimensional (2D) representations, which are insufficient to clearly and completely describe the ownership rights in multi-storey buildings. What is more, the building parts obtained from 2D representations are also inadequate to estimate the valuation of these apartments in both taxation and selling/buying processes. Considering that digitalization and consequently digital data are becoming more and more the norm in the AECOO industry, including the building permit requests, there is an opportunity to exploit Building Information Model (BIM), specifically Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), in the registration of apartment rights in three-dimensional (3D) representations. To investigate the opportunity, this study will further analyze the cases of the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey by revealing the similarities and discrepancies with respect to the registration of apartment rights in terms of legislative basis and current practice and extrapolating the current 2D practices into fully 3D representations. In earlier work, ISO19152 LADM-based models for the 3D building legal spaces have been developed and are related to BIM/IFC. The main objective of the study is to highlight the possibility of providing an internationally standardized modeling specification for 3D registration of legal rights within buildings, based on the earlier detected information model overlaps. What is more, it is expected to increase the awareness in other sectors than land administration with regards to legal spaces in the buildings. Finally, this study endeavors to provide concrete guidelines for the other sectors, most specifically the Architects, regarding the type of information that BIM/IFC models should have, in order to facilitate the 3D registration of apartment rights.
...
Τhe built environment has a vast and ever-growing number of complex and multi-layered buildings and other structures. The number of those is growing because of the increasing pressure on the limited space in cities. It is important to note that different professional sectors are involved in the realization of a new building. These sectors are mainly the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Owner Operator (AECOO), and land administration, which covers the cadastral registration, spatial or zoning plans, as well as property valuation. Noteworthy to mention at this point is, that today the subdivision plans regarding apartment rights in buildings are to be provided on the floor plans as submitted with the building/construction permit request. These plans show the apartment boundaries as twodimensional (2D) representations, which are insufficient to clearly and completely describe the ownership rights in multi-storey buildings. What is more, the building parts obtained from 2D representations are also inadequate to estimate the valuation of these apartments in both taxation and selling/buying processes. Considering that digitalization and consequently digital data are becoming more and more the norm in the AECOO industry, including the building permit requests, there is an opportunity to exploit Building Information Model (BIM), specifically Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), in the registration of apartment rights in three-dimensional (3D) representations. To investigate the opportunity, this study will further analyze the cases of the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey by revealing the similarities and discrepancies with respect to the registration of apartment rights in terms of legislative basis and current practice and extrapolating the current 2D practices into fully 3D representations. In earlier work, ISO19152 LADM-based models for the 3D building legal spaces have been developed and are related to BIM/IFC. The main objective of the study is to highlight the possibility of providing an internationally standardized modeling specification for 3D registration of legal rights within buildings, based on the earlier detected information model overlaps. What is more, it is expected to increase the awareness in other sectors than land administration with regards to legal spaces in the buildings. Finally, this study endeavors to provide concrete guidelines for the other sectors, most specifically the Architects, regarding the type of information that BIM/IFC models should have, in order to facilitate the 3D registration of apartment rights.
Global scientific production on LADM-based research
A bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2020
Journal article
(2022)
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Zeynel Abidin Polat, Mehmet Alkan, Jenny Paulsson, Jesper M. Paasch, Eftychia Kalogianni
Multiple Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) related studies have been carried out in two decades. ISO 19152 LADM is an international standard and an abstract, conceptual model covering the land administration domain (including those over land and water and elements above and below the earth's surface). The LADM is considered an important component for managing and developing land administration systems worldwide. In the context of this study's, scientific publications related to LADM are examined to carry out a bibliometric analysis on LADM research from 2012 to 2020. The extent of this investigation is limited to the Scopus database for scientific publications. All databases belong to the most extensive peer-reviewed summary and citation databases. It is noted that this study is based on the same principles as the research published by Paulsson and Paasch (2015), building on existing knowledge and aiming to add value in support to the current development of Edition II of the LADM. In this study, which covers 2012–2020, 175 LADM related scientific publications were found in the Scopus database. When the distribution of publications in journals is examined, Land Use Policy has the most published manuscripts related to ISO 19152 LADM. This analysis considers author identification, type of paper, organisational issues, and bibliometric analysis components. The analysis considered articles, books, and proceedings directly related to the LADM and included in the Scopus database or conference and workshop proceedings. For this, articles and books were selected from the Scopus database. Also, the proceedings were selected from those presented in the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) events and workshops on LADM. Overall, this paper aims to arrange and present the global scientific production on LADM-based research.
...
Multiple Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) related studies have been carried out in two decades. ISO 19152 LADM is an international standard and an abstract, conceptual model covering the land administration domain (including those over land and water and elements above and below the earth's surface). The LADM is considered an important component for managing and developing land administration systems worldwide. In the context of this study's, scientific publications related to LADM are examined to carry out a bibliometric analysis on LADM research from 2012 to 2020. The extent of this investigation is limited to the Scopus database for scientific publications. All databases belong to the most extensive peer-reviewed summary and citation databases. It is noted that this study is based on the same principles as the research published by Paulsson and Paasch (2015), building on existing knowledge and aiming to add value in support to the current development of Edition II of the LADM. In this study, which covers 2012–2020, 175 LADM related scientific publications were found in the Scopus database. When the distribution of publications in journals is examined, Land Use Policy has the most published manuscripts related to ISO 19152 LADM. This analysis considers author identification, type of paper, organisational issues, and bibliometric analysis components. The analysis considered articles, books, and proceedings directly related to the LADM and included in the Scopus database or conference and workshop proceedings. For this, articles and books were selected from the Scopus database. Also, the proceedings were selected from those presented in the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) events and workshops on LADM. Overall, this paper aims to arrange and present the global scientific production on LADM-based research.
Conference paper
(2022)
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E. Kalogianni, A. Kara, Anthony Beck, Jesper M. Paasch, Jaap Zevenbergen, Efi Dimopoulou, Dimitrios Kitsakis, P.J.M. van Oosterom, Christiaan Lemmen
Among the topics that are introduced and/ or being refined in the context of the revision of the LADM 19152:2012, the legal Land Administration-related aspects are being investigated. With the knowledge and the experience from the developments of the LADM so far, and the ongoing discussion between the parties involved in the standardisation process, the need to clarify certain legal land-related aspects and to examine the alternatives for further refinement is highlighted.
Therefore, this paper presents prior work on LADM-related legal aspects since the vote of LADM as ISO standard (2012), till the time of the preparation of this paper (2021) to report the necessary background for this research. This concerns the developments related to the various legal refinements that have been proposed during this time period and specifically the refinement of the legal profiles, the LADM functional support to representation of both statutory and customary tenure and the work regarding the explicit definition of restrictions that arise from Public Law.
Moreover, this paper focuses on documenting the proposals on a refined legal model for the LADM Edition II. These include the following: (a) more detailed classification of RRRs, based on the two major types of interests in land: privately agreed interests as well as regulations imposed by a public agency and Public Law restrictions. The paper also includes (b) a discussion on the extent that LADM Edition I provides efficient support for the title and deed registration systems (as others e.g. in socialist environment), as well as (c) a discussion on how restrictions and responsibilities can be modelled as rights’ relationships between an owning and a benefitting Party.
...
Among the topics that are introduced and/ or being refined in the context of the revision of the LADM 19152:2012, the legal Land Administration-related aspects are being investigated. With the knowledge and the experience from the developments of the LADM so far, and the ongoing discussion between the parties involved in the standardisation process, the need to clarify certain legal land-related aspects and to examine the alternatives for further refinement is highlighted.
Therefore, this paper presents prior work on LADM-related legal aspects since the vote of LADM as ISO standard (2012), till the time of the preparation of this paper (2021) to report the necessary background for this research. This concerns the developments related to the various legal refinements that have been proposed during this time period and specifically the refinement of the legal profiles, the LADM functional support to representation of both statutory and customary tenure and the work regarding the explicit definition of restrictions that arise from Public Law.
Moreover, this paper focuses on documenting the proposals on a refined legal model for the LADM Edition II. These include the following: (a) more detailed classification of RRRs, based on the two major types of interests in land: privately agreed interests as well as regulations imposed by a public agency and Public Law restrictions. The paper also includes (b) a discussion on the extent that LADM Edition I provides efficient support for the title and deed registration systems (as others e.g. in socialist environment), as well as (c) a discussion on how restrictions and responsibilities can be modelled as rights’ relationships between an owning and a benefitting Party.
Intense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlap-ping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments.
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Intense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlap-ping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments.
Conference paper
(2022)
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E. Kalogianni, Hans Christoph Gruler, Amir Bar-Maor, Bruce Harold, Tim Lemmon, Christiaan Lemmen, P.J.M. van Oosterom
The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), focuses on standardised modelling of land information at the conceptual level, and together with LADM’s three main packages, it has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spatial representations, and a rather generic survey model based on the ISO 19156:2011 Observations and Measurement Standard (O&M).
As an ISO standard, the LADM is subject to periodic revision, and currently, its revision is ongoing and among other refinements, the enhanced support of the surveying model, both at conceptual and implementation level is expected. In this scene, in order for LADM to support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, a refinement is ongoing considering the recent evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice.
Therefore, a refined survey model has been prepared and is included at the New Working Item Proposal for LADM Edition II – Part 2, with various data acquisition techniques, as presented in this paper. Based on it and on the experience and requirements from the industry and the standardization organisations, this paper presents the requirements that encoding formats should fulfill to support the revised surveying model.
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The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), focuses on standardised modelling of land information at the conceptual level, and together with LADM’s three main packages, it has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spatial representations, and a rather generic survey model based on the ISO 19156:2011 Observations and Measurement Standard (O&M).
As an ISO standard, the LADM is subject to periodic revision, and currently, its revision is ongoing and among other refinements, the enhanced support of the surveying model, both at conceptual and implementation level is expected. In this scene, in order for LADM to support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, a refinement is ongoing considering the recent evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice.
Therefore, a refined survey model has been prepared and is included at the New Working Item Proposal for LADM Edition II – Part 2, with various data acquisition techniques, as presented in this paper. Based on it and on the experience and requirements from the industry and the standardization organisations, this paper presents the requirements that encoding formats should fulfill to support the revised surveying model.
Precise and detailed information for infrastructure assets, as well as information about the property interests attached to them are crucial to prevent unnecessary costs, disruptions, and delays when planning, constructing, and managing such objects. Various models encapsulating infrastructure objects information are available, mostly during their design stage, and could be also reused in other stages of the Spatial Development Lifecycle (SDL), such as the Land Registration. In this respect, and as ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model is currently under revision, it is well-timed to consider the modelling of infrastructure objects within the scope of the upcoming Edition II of the standard. Given this background, the aim of this paper is to initiate the discussion on the registration options of infrastructure objects in the context of the LADM revision. Attention is given on specific categories of transport infrastructure objects, identifying the information required to be reused in other stages of the SDL, sourced from BIM/ IFC files used in the design stage. As currently IFC does not support infrastructure information, in order to investigate how such information is stored in IFC models based on the modellers' decisions and the software used, two models of transport infrastructure objects coming from the industry were inspected and based on these findings, the conceptual modelling followed, based on the LADM concept. The paper aims to provide insights on to the limitations of the current use of IFC for transport infrastructure objects and propose the future steps to overcome them.
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Precise and detailed information for infrastructure assets, as well as information about the property interests attached to them are crucial to prevent unnecessary costs, disruptions, and delays when planning, constructing, and managing such objects. Various models encapsulating infrastructure objects information are available, mostly during their design stage, and could be also reused in other stages of the Spatial Development Lifecycle (SDL), such as the Land Registration. In this respect, and as ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model is currently under revision, it is well-timed to consider the modelling of infrastructure objects within the scope of the upcoming Edition II of the standard. Given this background, the aim of this paper is to initiate the discussion on the registration options of infrastructure objects in the context of the LADM revision. Attention is given on specific categories of transport infrastructure objects, identifying the information required to be reused in other stages of the SDL, sourced from BIM/ IFC files used in the design stage. As currently IFC does not support infrastructure information, in order to investigate how such information is stored in IFC models based on the modellers' decisions and the software used, two models of transport infrastructure objects coming from the industry were inspected and based on these findings, the conceptual modelling followed, based on the LADM concept. The paper aims to provide insights on to the limitations of the current use of IFC for transport infrastructure objects and propose the future steps to overcome them.