How can one learn about particular phenomena by using models? This is the central question of the present book. One brief answer is that one can learn about phenomena by using models if these models represent the phenomena. A longer answer will be presented in the individual chapters. Answering this question involves not only (partially) explaining what representation is, but also how the notions of representation and evaluation are connected in the context of modeling. The thesis includes a fresh look at so-called similarity views on representation and a discussion of fictionalist accounts of modeling, while expanding on the general framework of indirect representation. A case study in bioengineering is used to show that the indirect view of representation must acknowledge a distinction between two directions of fit in relations between vehicles and targets. In this context the notion of design is interpreted as a relation between a vehicle and a target, thereby connecting ideas from philosophy of science with ideas from philosophy of technology. In the concluding chapters fictionalist accounts of modeling are discussed. These accounts are criticized from an epistemological point of view but the accounts’ foundational theory of make-believe is constructively applied to a case study in climate modeling.@en

Smart grids within the transition to sustainable energy systems Smart grid systems are widely considered as crucial in the energy transition, because they allow for greater flexibility in bridging temporal gaps between electricity supply and demand in renewable energy systems. To do so, the systems make use of information and communication technologies to measure and monitor supply and demand in real-time, on the basis of which the use of renewable electricity can be optimized. Despite this important role in future renewable energy systems, the introduction of smart grids comes with serious moral repercussions, for example for data privacy and security, autonomy and control, or distributive justice. This dissertation analyzes the moral implications of smart grid systems, and provides guidance for designers and policymakers on how to address these implications in smart grid technologies and institutions, with the ultimate motive to increase the systems’ ethical acceptability. Interdisciplinary in nature, the research contributes to value-sensitive design, institutional analysis, and energy justice. It is in line with academic endeavors to enrich energy research with insights from the social sciences and humanities. It thereby adds to a literature that is dominated by technological approaches and presents smart grids as a technical ‘fix’ to make electricity systems more sustainable. The main body of this dissertation consists of four papers that, collectively, address the ethical acceptability of smart grids. It combines conceptual insights with empirical investigations. Conceptual investigations draw from ethics of technology, value-sensitive design and theories of justice used in the energy justice literature. Empirical methods involve qualitative content analysis and case study research to understand affected stakeholders’ value conceptions and perceptions of a technology...@en