This paper enhances the Sarawak LADM Country Profile by proposing a structured workflow for mapping IFC elements (e.g. IfcSpace, IfcWall, IfcSlab) to LADM classes to improve the representation of legal space boundaries. The methodology focuses on extracting legal space information from IFC models, mapping it to LADM using Enterprise Architect, and structuring the data for future integration with PostgreSQL. The mapping framework supports strata title management and 3D cadastral in Sarawak. Additionally, this study outlines a conceptual workflow for visualising legal space boundaries using CesiumJS. The proposed approach enhances data interoperability between BIM and land administration, advancing BIM-driven cadastral systems.

This paper expands the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Sarawak Country Profile by incorporating legal space details from Building Information Modelling (BIM). Sarawak, located on Borneo Island, practices a distinct land administration system compared to Peninsular Malaysia. While Peninsular Malaysia follows the National Land Code of 1965, Sarawak adheres to the Sarawak Land Code 1958, which includes provisions for indigenous customary land rights. The Malaysia country profile has been developed based on the LADM standard, considering the 3D situation. Since both regions (Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) are under different legal frameworks, this study attempts to further develop the Sarawak country profile based on its current land administration system, including adopting some classes and attributes from the existing Malaysia country profile. The study investigates the potential of incorporating legal space details from the BIM/Industry Foundation Class (IFC) model into the Sarawak country profile. The conceptual model details the fundamental LADM components (Party, Administrative, and Spatial Unit), along with details on the legal space sourced from BIM/IFC. This mapping process requires BIM/IFC data to contain sufficient information for distinguishing property spaces and their boundaries.

This paper discussed two International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, namely, ISO 19152 – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and ISO 16739 – Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), to identify three-dimensional (3D) multi-floor building rights. These days, it is challenging to characterize all multifunctional structures due to the increase in complex buildings. High-rise building land and property information management is recommended through building information modeling (BIM). Countries like the Netherlands, Australia, and Turkey have considered adopting BIM for their land administration. A land administration standard, such as LADM, offers better legal and physical representation in identifying the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) of the spatial units and stakeholders. However, LADM falls short in representing all building elements, such as semantic information and invisible functional spaces. Hence, this paper reviews incorporating additional information from BIM to create a comprehensive three-dimensional building representation including legal information from LADM. Issues and challenges also being highlighted with some recommendations for possible future works.

The numerous country profiles developed in compliance with ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in different jurisdictions worldwide reflect the standard's growing significance and acceptance. A country profile may outline the current situation in the land administration (LA) domain and adapt the existing land administration system (LAS) into the LADM concepts, or it may indicate the requirement or desired outcome for a possible future scenario in a specific country. Previous studies show that many countries, such as Brazil, China, Croatia, Netherlands, etc., have developed their country profiles based on LADM. In the meantime, the Malaysian LADM country profile also has been developed. However, it only applied to Peninsular Malaysia (Sabah and Wilayah Sarawak are omitted) since different LA is being practiced. Currently, the Wilayah Sarawak has an integrated organization, Department of Land and Survey Sarawak, applied in the LA domain where all the departments (e.g., Land Registry, Planning, Valuation, Title Registration, Survey and Cadastral Mapping, etc.) contribute the information accordingly in that system. The Sarawak country profile is based on LADM edition II (under development), and is the first country profile reported using all parts (of the new multi-parts LADM edition II), arriving at truly integrated LA. The experience may shall be used on input to the final version of LADM edition II. The new functionality modelled, such in the 3D representation, provide path to Sarawak future. It is the aim of this paper to describe the Wilayah Sarawak country profile development based on LADM Edition II. Relevant 2D and 3D spatial and non-spatial objects of LA, including Native Customary Rights (NCR) data, are the focused of the development of the Wilayah Sarawak LADM Country Profile classes. The country profile model is developed to establish a much broader system related to the land administration of the state.