Elevated thermal stress-related aging is significant on the oil-impregnated paper (OIP) used as insulation in high-pressure gas cables (HPGCs). The aim of this article is to develop a cheap alternative for lab dielectric measuring and characterizing temperature-dependent parameters for OIP. First, this article derives the operating thermal conditions of the grid-aged cable based on IEC standards after analyzing the loading data using machine learning techniques to determine the elevated temperature levels for the experiments. Second, a novel lab-fabricated inexpensive electronics circuit is developed for polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurements which can be adapted for such measurements over expensive commercial devices. From the measured parameters, an extended three-branch Debye model is optimized using a developed error function approach based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and goodness of fit. The model indicated a reduction in the branch resistance with temperature elevation and aging, whereas the branch capacitance revealed an increasing trend. The resultant relaxation time (RC) showed a decrease overall. Last, a short-duration frequency domain spectrum was analyzed and extrapolated to obtain parameters for a wide range of frequencies and fit in a Cole-Cole model, derived for oil-paper insulation. The time constants obtained from this model also confirmed a reducing trend across the temperature and aging variations and the model parameter, the alpha coefficient showed a decreasing trend. Last, the effect of the measured dielectric parameters is reflected with breakdown values to investigate the effect of temperature on the electrical life of insulation.

@en

The time-to-failure for oil-impregnated paper (OIP) insulation is governed by two primary aging mechanisms: electrical and thermal. The electrical life can be represented as an Inverse Power Law, where lifetime is inversely proportional to applied electric field. The process of thermal aging on the other hand is established by Arrhenius Law, which relates the rate of aging exponentially to temperature. Due to thermal aging, the structure of insulation is altered owing to chemical changes like oxidation, polymerization, and cellulose degradation. For life estimation of a service-aged high-pressure gas filled (HPGF) cables, electrical endurance tests are normally performed at controlled voltage levels to estimate the time to breakdown. However, it is equally necessary to investigate how thermal aging influence changes in the electrical life of insulation. Therefore, in this paper, firstly short-term ramped stress tests are carried out on elevated thermal aged OIP samples extracted from already field-aged HPGF to find a rough estimate of breakdown voltages at different temperatures. Then, long-term electro-thermal step stress tests are performed on the samples to establish a correlation of temperature on the electrical life of the OIP insulation. The long-term stress tests produce reliable breakdown statistics and Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Inverse Power Law fitted on 2-parameter Weibull distributed breakdown data indicate a reduction of model parameter, n from 13.61 to 7.38 with an increase in temperature from 45 to 75 °C and a constant shape factor, beta of 1.50. The dissipation factor, tandelta related to the aging also shows an increase with temperature across a wide frequency range and is inversely proportional to the breakdown voltage.

@en

Advantages of HTS cables are higher current carrying capability, very low thermal interaction with underground infrastructures, and very low external magnetic field designs. These advantages make them interesting for implementation in dense urban areas. There are several experiences worldwide with HTS cables at various voltage levels, but the long-term experience is still limited. As a result, various aspects of HTS performance, such as long-term reliability, are unclear and further study is required. This paper provides an overview of insulation materials, background, and uncertainties of recommended electrical insulation testing. The application of power law and the length effect will be discussed. This discussion may help to give direction and assure the quality of HTS cable for ongoing studies.@en

High current capability, good integration in urban area and zero external magnetic field are advantages of HTS cables that make them interesting for implementation in the Netherlands. So far experience with HTS cable projects is good, but still limited. Yet there is a need for a proper testing practice. Due to limited operational experience, various aspects remain to be studied. This paper focuses on electrical testing of electrical insulation, the application of power laws and the length effect. These issues are yet to be resolved, but the paper discusses their background and uncertainties. This may give direction to the ongoing studies in order to assure quality of HTS.@en