We developed a localized single-cell electroporation chip to deliver exogenous biomolecules with high efficiency while maintaining high cell viability. In our microfluidic device, the cells are trapped in a microtrap array by flow, after which target molecules are supplied to the device and electrotransferred to the cells under electric pulses. The system provides the ability to monitor the electrotransfer of exogenous biomolecules in real time. We reveal through numerical simulations that localized electroporation is the mechanism of permeabilization in the microtrap array electroporation device. We demonstrate the simplicity and accuracy of this microtrap technology for electroporation by delivery of both small molecules using propidium iodide and large molecules using plasmid DNA for gene expression, illustrating the potential of this minimally invasive method to be widely used for precise intracellular delivery purposes (from bioprocess engineering to therapeutic applications).

A functional vascular system is a prerequisite for bone repair as disturbed angiogenesis often causes non-union. Paracrine factors released from human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have angiogenic effects on endothelial cells. However, whether these paracrine factors participate in blood flow dynamics within bone capillaries remains poorly understood. Here, we used two different microfluidic designs to investigate critical steps during angiogenesis and found pronounced effects of endothelial cell proliferation as well as chemotactic and mechanotactic migration induced by BMSC conditioned medium (CM). The application of BMSC-CM in dynamic cultures demonstrates that bioactive factors in combination with fluidic flow-induced biomechanical signals significantly enhanced endothelial cell migration. Transcriptional analyses of endothelial cells demonstrate the induction of a unique gene expression profile related to tricarboxylic acid cycle and energy metabolism by the combination of BMSC-CM factors and shear stress, which opens an interesting avenue to explore during fracture healing. Our results stress the importance of in vivo - like microenvironments simultaneously including biochemical, biomechanical and oxygen levels when investigating key events during vessel repair. Statement of significance: Our results demonstrate the importance of recapitulating in vivo - like microenvironments when investigating key events during vessel repair. Endothelial cells exhibit enhanced angiogenesis characteristics when simultaneous exposing them to hMSC-CM, mechanical forces and biochemical signals simultaneously. The improved angiogenesis may not only result from the direct effect of growth factors, but also by reprogramming of endothelial cell metabolism. Moreover, with this model we demonstrated a synergistic impact of mechanical forces and biochemical factors on endothelial cell behavior and the expression of genes involved in the TCA cycle and energy metabolism, which opens an interesting new avenue to stimulate angiogenesis during fracture healing.