This paper presents a landmark-based parametric 3D foot model which can be used as the basis for designing customised shoe lasts. 22 points on the surface of the foot are defined as anthropometric landmarks.11 NURBS curves are then generated based on these 22 landmarks to construct the 3D parametric foot surface model using Rhinoceros® and Grasshopper®. Nineteen test subjects participated in an experiment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The mean absolute difference of the ball girth between the 19 models and their corresponding 3D scans was found as 3.53 mm. The mean directed Hausdorff distance between the foot outlines of the models and the 3D scans was identified as 1.40 mm. Regarding the 3D surface, the overall mean bidirectional mean directed Hausdorff distance between the models and the 3D scans of all 19 cases was calculated as 3.68 ± 0.31 mm. Compared to the findings of other researchers, it is concluded that the proposed parametric model can describe the 3D shape of the foot with a reasonable accuracy and it can be used as a basis for shoe last design.

HCI plays an important role in interactive medical image segmentation. The Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS) model and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) questionnaire are different methods that are often used to evaluate the HCI process. In this article, we aim at improving the HCI process of interactive segmentation using both the GOMS model and the NASA-TLX questionnaire to: 1) identify the relations between these two methods and 2) propose HCI design suggestions based on the synthesis of the evaluation results using both methods. For this, we conducted an experiment where three physicians used two interactive segmentation approaches to segment different types of organs at risk for radiotherapy planning. Using the GOMS model, we identified 16 operators and 10 methods. Further analysis discovered strong relations between the use of GOMS operators and the results of the NASA-TLX questionnaire. Finally, HCI design issues were identified, and suggestions were proposed based on the evaluation results and the identified relations.

Findings from previous literatures, ethnography studies and interviews showed that radiotherapy contouring interfaces are very complex, requiring many human-computer interactions (HCI). In this paper we used observational, heuristic evaluation, think aloud and NASA-TLX methods to 1) analyse the workflow of radiotherapy segmentation systems; 2) discover possible usability and HCI design issues of current segmentation systems in order to identify the requirements for future interface design; and 3) explore the abilities and limitations of various evaluation methods. From the results it can be seen that observational and think aloud methods were very useful in identifying the workflow of different systems. The heuristic evaluation method uncovered more general usability issues with the interface design. The think aloud method identified more HCI issues compared to general usability issues. From the NASA-TLX, it can be seen that the workload level of system C is higher in almost all the categories. Using the four different methods this study identified several usability and HCI issues and have proposed seven main requirements which might be considered in our future studies.