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S. Campos Vilar
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Can Physics-Informed Training Improve Neural-Operator Data Efficiency?
A Controlled FNO and PINO Comparison for PDE Surrogate Modelling
Numerical solvers for partial differential equations (PDEs) are accurate, but expensive when many related problem instances must be solved. Neural operators offer a faster alternative by learning mappings from input fields to solution fields. However, standard Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) training still depends on labelled simulation data, which must be generated by a solver. This study examines whether physics-informed training can improve data efficiency for neural-operator PDE surrogates. A data-driven FNO is compared with a Physics-Informed Neural Operator (PINO) using the same FNO backbone. This keeps the comparison centred on the training objective rather than the architecture. PINO adds a PDE-residual penalty to the supervised loss, encouraging predictions to satisfy the governing equation as well as match labelled data. The experiments use two PDEBench benchmarks: 2D Darcy flow and 1D Burgers' equation. Accuracy is measured with relative L2 error, and physical consistency with PDE residual. PINO reached lower relative L2 error than FNO on both equations at every tested fraction. It also surpassed the full-data FNO using 10% of the labels on Darcy flow and 50% on Burgers' equation. PINO reduced PDE residuals, especially for Darcy flow. However, the out-of-distribution tests showed that better in-distribution accuracy did not imply robust extrapolation. Overall, physics-informed training improved in-distribution data efficiency and physical consistency, but the gain depended on the equation, labelled-data budget, physics-loss weight and evaluation regime.
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Numerical solvers for partial differential equations (PDEs) are accurate, but expensive when many related problem instances must be solved. Neural operators offer a faster alternative by learning mappings from input fields to solution fields. However, standard Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) training still depends on labelled simulation data, which must be generated by a solver. This study examines whether physics-informed training can improve data efficiency for neural-operator PDE surrogates. A data-driven FNO is compared with a Physics-Informed Neural Operator (PINO) using the same FNO backbone. This keeps the comparison centred on the training objective rather than the architecture. PINO adds a PDE-residual penalty to the supervised loss, encouraging predictions to satisfy the governing equation as well as match labelled data. The experiments use two PDEBench benchmarks: 2D Darcy flow and 1D Burgers' equation. Accuracy is measured with relative L2 error, and physical consistency with PDE residual. PINO reached lower relative L2 error than FNO on both equations at every tested fraction. It also surpassed the full-data FNO using 10% of the labels on Darcy flow and 50% on Burgers' equation. PINO reduced PDE residuals, especially for Darcy flow. However, the out-of-distribution tests showed that better in-distribution accuracy did not imply robust extrapolation. Overall, physics-informed training improved in-distribution data efficiency and physical consistency, but the gain depended on the equation, labelled-data budget, physics-loss weight and evaluation regime.