Permanent faults on a chip are often tolerated using spare resources. In the past, sparing has been applied to Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) at various granularities of substitutable units (SUs). Entire processors, pipeline stages or even individual functional units are isolated when faulty and replaced by spare ones using flexible, reconfigurable interconnects. Although spare resources increase systems fault tolerance, the extra delay imposed by the reconfigurable interconnects limits performance. In this paper, we study two options for dealing with this delay: (i) pipelining the reconfigurable interconnects and (ii) scaling down operating frequency. The former keeps a frequency close to the one of the baseline processor, but increases the number of cycles required for executing a program. The latter maintains the number of execution cycles constant, but requires a slower clock. We investigate the above performance tradeoff using an adaptive 4-core CMP design with substitutable pipeline stages. We retrieve post place and route results of different designs running two sets of benchmarks and evaluate their performance. Our experiments indicate that adding reconfigurable interconnects for wiring the SUs of a 4-core CMP pose significant delay increasing the critical path of the design almost by 3.5 times. On the other hand, pipelining the reconfigurable interconnects increases cycle time by 41% and - depending on the processor configuration - reduces performance overhead to 1.4-2.9× the execution time of the baseline.@en

Reconfigurable hardware can be employed to tolerate permanent faults. Hardware components comprising a System-on-Chip can be partitioned into a handful of substitutable units interconnected with reconfigurable wires to allow isolation and replacement of faulty parts. This paper offers a probabilistic analysis of reconfigurable designs estimating for different fault densities the average number of fault-free components that can be constructed as well as the probability to guarantee a particular availability of components. Considering the area overheads of reconfigurability, we evaluate the resilience of various reconfigurable designs with different granularities. Based on this analysis, we conduct a comprehensive design-space exploration to identify the granularity mixes that maximize the fault-tolerance of a system. Our findings reveal that mixing fine-grain logic with a coarse-grain sparing approach tolerates up to 3× more permanent faults than component redundancy and 2× more than any other purely coarse-grain solution. Component redundancy is preferable at low fault densities, while coarse-grain and mixed-grain reconfigurability maximize availability at medium and high fault densities, respectively.@en

This paper presents an efficient method for testing an array of reconfigurable RISC processors. The online testing method exploits the reconfiguration capabilities of the array to detect permanent faults and to identify which component of the RISC processors is affected by a fault. Based on a low cost hardware scheme, several testing procedures have been developed, that are able to locate the faulty unit in different operating conditions.@en