Solid-state caloric effects as intrinsic thermal responses to different physical external stimuli (magnetic-, uniaxial stress-, pressure-, and electric-fields) can achieve a higher energy efficiency compared with traditional gas compression techniques. Among these effects, magnetocaloric energy conversion is regarded as the best available alternative and has been exploited extensively for promising application scenarios in the last decades. This review systematically introduces the magnetocaloric effect and its applications, and summarizes the corresponding representative magnetocaloric materials, as well as important progress in recent years. Specifically, the review focuses on some key understandings of the magnetocaloric effect by utilizing state-of-the-art technical tools such as synchrotron X-ray, neutron scattering, muon spin spectroscopy, positron annihilation spectroscopy, high magnetic fields, etc., and highlights their importance toward advanced materials design and development. An overview of the basic principles and applications of these advanced techniques on magnetocaloric materials is provided. Finally, the challenges and perspectives on further developments in this field are discussed. Further in-depth understanding and manufacturing technology advancement combined with fast-developed artificial intelligence and machine learning are expected to advance the magnetocaloric energy conversion technology closer to real applications.@en

The emerging all-d-metal Ni(Co)MnTi-based Heusler compounds attract extensive attention because it can potentially be employed for solid-state refrigeration. However, in comparison to the abundant physical functionalities in bulk conditions, the hidden properties related to the NiCoMnTi-based Heusler nanoparticles (NPs) have not yet been investigated experimentally. Here, we present NiCoMnTi Heusler NPs that have been manufactured by spark ablation under Ar gas flow, and the related magnetic and microstructural properties have been studied. Compared with the bulk sample, it is found that the magneto-structurally coupled transition in the bulk sample has collapsed into a magnetic transition for the NPs sample. Superparamagnetic NPs with widely distributed dislocations have directly been observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. For the NPs, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant is 3.54 × 104 J/m3, while the saturation magnetization after post-treatment has been estimated to be around 26 Am2 kg−1. Our current research reveals that Ni-Co-Mn-Ti-based quaternary NPs could show interesting properties for future nano-application, and the produced NPs will further expand the functionalities of this material family.@en