Ultrafine particle number concentrations and size distributions were measured on the platform of a metro station in Athens, Greece, and compared with those recorded at an urban background station. The volatility of the sampled particles was measured in parallel, providing further insights on the mixing state and composition of the sampled particles. Particle concentration exhibited a mean value of 1.2 × 104 # cm−3 and showed a weak correlation with train passage frequency, but exhibited a strong correlation with urban background particle concentrations. The size distribution appears to be strongly influenced by outdoor conditions, such as the morning traffic rush hour and new particle formation events observed at noon. The aerosol in the metro was externally mixed throughout the day, with particle populations being identified (1) as fully refractory particles being more dominant during the morning traffic rush hours, (2) as core-shell structure particles having a non-volatile core coated with volatile material, and (3) fully volatile particles. The evolution of particle volatility and size throughout the day provide additional support that most nanoparticles in the metro station originate from outdoor urban air. Ultrafine particles concentration in the metro were within the range of those in urban air, and are originated mainly from outdoors, even though the metro is naturally ventilated.@en

Poor indoor air quality is an important issue for public and occupational health worldwide. Location, air-tightness of the building, ventilation rate and resident activities play an important role on the concentration of indoor pollutants and subsequently on their effects on human health. While indoor air pollution in working environments has been widely studied, the association between specific pollutants and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms is still not clear. The objective of this study is to explore the association between PM2.5 and BC with SBS symptoms reported by employees working in a public building in the center of Athens, Greece. Continuous indoor air quality measurements were carried out from March until May 2016 (24 h, 7 days per week), including days during a Saharan dust event in March 2016. The measurements took place in four different types of spaces, including an office, a printer room and two archiving rooms, representing both high and low exposure environments. Indoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations in the office ranged from 5.9 to 14.3 μg/m3 and 1.1–1.9 μg/m3, respectively, whereas outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations were in the range of 6.5–21.7 μg/m3 and 1.4–2.6 μg/m3, respectively. We observed diurnal variations in indoor/outdoor ratios of PM2.5 and BC in most rooms that were >1 during working hours, that subsequently fell to below unity after working hours. Data collected via a questionnaire to 73 employees showed that the most commonly reported SBS symptoms were irritation of the eyes, a stuffy or runny nose, headache and drowsiness. Female employees were more likely to report SBS symptoms than male employees, especially nonspecific symptoms, including “unusual tiredness or fatigue” and “feeling depressed”.@en

Previous long-term observations have shown that nanoparticle formation events are common in the summer-time high Arctic and linked to local photochemical activity. However, current knowledge is limited with respect to the chemical precursors of resulting nanoparticles and the compounds involved in their subsequent growth. Here we report case-study measurements during new particle formation (NPF) events of the particle size distribution (diameter > 7 nm) and for the first time the volatility of monodisperse particles having diameter ≤40 nm, providing indirect information about their composition. Volatility measurements provide indirect evidence that a predominant fraction of the 12 nm particle population is ammoniated sulfates in the summertime high Arctic. Our observations further suggest that the majority of the sub-40 nm particle population during NPF events does not exist in the form of sulfuric acid but rather as partly or fully neutralized ammoniated sulfates.@en

The unprecedented growth in aviation during the last years has resulted in a notable increase of local air pollution related to airports. The impacts of aviation on air quality can be extremely high particularly around airports serving remote insular regions with pristine atmospheric environments. Here we report measurements that show how the atmospheric aerosol is affected by the activity at a small airport in a remote region. More specifically, we provide measurements performed at the airport of Mytilene, Greece, a regional yet international airport that serves the entire island of Lesvos; the third largest island of the country. The measurements show that the activity during landing, taxiing and take-off of the aircrafts accounted for up to a 10-fold increase in particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in the vicinity of the airport. The number concentration of particles having diameters from 10 to 500 nm also increased from ca. 4 × 102 to 8 × 105 particles cm− 3, while the mean particle diameter decreased to 20 nm when aircrafts were present at the airport. Elemental analysis on particle samples collected simultaneously at the airport and at a remote site 3 km away, showed that the former were significantly influenced by combustion sources, and specifically from the engines of the aircrafts. Our results show that despite their small size, local airports serving remote insular regions should be considered as important air pollution hotspots, raising concerns for the exposure of the people working and leaving in their vicinities to hazardous pollutants.@en

Near real-time atmospheric particulate matter (PM) monitors are extensively used in air quality networks given their ability to provide continuous measurements with minimal attention by the operator. Their principle of operation is based on measurement of a physical parameter that is quantitatively linked to the PM mass concentration. Significant discrepancies between these measurements and those obtained by the reference gravimetric method, conducted in regions with diverse climatic conditions, have been reported in the literature. In this study we compare systematic PM2.5 and PM10 gravimetric (GM) and beta attenuation (BA) measurements performed at a suburban site in Athens, Greece, over a period of 4 years (2009-2012). In general, BA and GM datasets exhibited similar temporal variation for both PM size fractions. An overestimation of the ΒΑ measurements, which was ~30% for the PM2.5 and ~10% for the PM10 data, was observed. Good linear correlations between GM and BA data were observed, with estimated Pearson coefficients being 0.79 for the PM2.5 and 0.85 for the PM10 measurements. The respective fitted equations through the entire dataset were BA = 0.71 GM+6.2, and BA = 0.77 G M+4.1. Better correlation between GM and BA measurements was observed during the cold rather than the warm period. Discrepancies between BA and GM PM2.5 measurements increased with increasing available water vapor, suggesting that the aerosol bound water has a strong effect on the measurements. The effect of filter material used for GM measurements (i.e., quartz, glass fiber, or Teflon) was also examined for the PM2.5 dataset. Best correlation between BA and GM data was observed when glass fiber, which is incidentally the material of the BA filter tape, was used in the GM measurements. When the BA to GM relationship was examined by further categorizing the data by the season (i.e., cold and warm period) for different filter types, the relationships that were fitted to the data for the two seasons were similar when Teflon filters were used, but quite diverse when quartz and glass fiber filters were employed in the GM measurements. Finally, the variability of the ratio between the two measurement techniques was found to be potentially dependent on the availability of the volatility or stability in the aerosol phase of species such as ammonium nitrate.@en

Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analysers (VTDMAs) are widely used for determining the volatile and refractory fractions and thus the mixing state of aerosols particles. A three-channel VTDMA consisting of two thermodenuders (TDs) with distinct designs (i.e., the NanoTD, having a straight tube design, and a coiled TD; cTD) and a by-pass line was built and fully characterized. Both TDs were tested using laboratory-generated aerosol particles (single compound and core-shell particles) as well as atmospheric aerosols observed at an urban background station. The NanoTD exhibited high particle penetration efficiency and negligible thermophoretic losses, making it advantageous for ultrafine particle analysis, especially in environments with low particle concentration. The cTD allows longer particle residence time for the same flow rate, resulting in higher particle volatilization in some cases. Higher particle losses in this TD, both thermophoretic and diffusional, pose a limitation when dealing with low particle concentrations.The difference in the performance between the thermodenuders was only noticed at intermediate temperatures, at which particle volume loss becomes more pronounced. These temperatures vary among aerosols, since the volatilization rate depends on the chemical complexity and size of the particles sampled. Differences in the aerosol volume fraction remaining after heating with the two TD designs exhibited a maximum of 20% for single-compound particles and 12% for urban background aerosols. Measurements using core-shell particles yielded differences of up to 21% in particle volatilization, independently of particle size, when comparing the system using either of the two TD designs. Similar results were obtained with the two TD designs at higher operating temperatures (e.g., 230. °C), indicating that at this temperature most of the material on the particles was evaporated.@en