Hybrid-electric powertrains have shown the potential to reduce aviation climate impact. Since battery capacity is sized for a particular design mission, the emission reduction could be significant when operated at a payload-range combination below the design mission. However, this relation is sensitive to the design point, in particular the design power split ratio and design range. Furthermore, hybrid-electric powertrains would require airlines to adjust their operations. In this study, the interdependencies between hybrid-electric aircraft designs, their off-design performance, and the network's performance are evaluated. The effect of modifying the design range and the design power split ratio on the aircraft's off-design performance and network performance is evaluated. Several designs are constructed and several operational scenarios are generated. The Air Nostrum network is used as a case study. It is found that when the off-design performance of the hybrid-electric aircraft is considered in the fleet assignment and scheduling of an airline, CO2 savings equal to 15% can be attained while incurring a minimal loss in profit of 1.35%. This research highlights how modifying the design range of hybrid-electric aircraft has a larger impact on the applicability of the former in regional airline networks than the modification of the design power split ratio.

Shared automated vehicles are expected to be part of the supply of transportation systems in the future. Parallel to this evolution, there is the rapid penetration of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The limitations in battery capacity and charging speed of BEVs can influence the planning and operation of shared automated electric vehicle (SAEV) systems. The design of such systems needs to include these limitations so that their viability is properly estimated. In this paper, we develop a space–time-energy flow-based integer programming (IP) model in support of the strategic design of a regional SAEV system. The proposed approach optimizes the fleet (size and composition) and charging facilities (number and location), while explicitly accounting for vehicle operations in aggregated terms (including movements with users, relocations, and charging times). The model is used to assess the impact of vehicle range and different types of chargers in the optimal design of an interurban SAEV transport system in the center of Portugal. Results show a reduction in profit as the vehicle range increases. In regards to energy, it is observed that the adoption of long-range vehicles reduces the energy spent in relocations, and increases the amount of energy charged at a lower price. Additionally, it is found that a system with long-range vehicles does not take advantage of having fast chargers. Concerning the chargers’ optimal location, systems using short-range vehicles have more chargers close to the main commuter trips attracting cities, while systems with long-range vehicles have the chargers nearby the homes of users.