Pore orientation in shale governs the fluid transport properties that are key to hydrocarbon production and potential CO₂ sequestration. The present work deals with the detailed study of nano-heterogeneities in shales, across the bedding plane, of varying thermal maturity and total organic carbon content using scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The complementary X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) and functional group mapping elucidate the heterogeneity in micrometer resolution. 2D SAXS profiles of the shales show elliptical patterns indicating the nanoscale pore anisotropy in shale. The orientation of pores and their spatial variation is strongly dependent on the content of organic matter. The variance in the anisotropy parameter is validated with chemical mapping and high-resolution 3D imaging.

A combination of high-resolution imaging, low-pressure gas adsorption, and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering quantifies changes in the pore characteristics of pulverized shale samples under oxic and anoxic environments up to 300 ℃. Clay-rich early-mature shales have a fair potential to generate hydrocarbons, the total organic carbon content of which lies within a range of 2.9 % to 7.4 %. High-resolution imaging indicates restructuring and coalescence of Type III kerogen-hosted pores due to oxic heating, which causes up to 580 % and 300 % increase in the surface area and pore volume of mesopores respectively. Similarly, up to 300 % and 1200 % increase in micropore surface area and pore volume is observed post oxic heating. However, during anoxic heating, bitumen mobilizes, leads to pore-blockage, and reduces the surface area and pore volume up to 45 % and 12 % respectively without any significant mass loss up to 350 °C. Between 400 and 550 °C, considerable loss in mass occurred due to breaking of organic matter, facilitated by the presence of siderite that caused up to 30 % loss in mass. The test conditions display starkly opposite effects in pores that have a width of < 100 nm when compared to the larger macropore domain, which has a pore width in the range of 100 to 700 nm as inferred from their small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering behaviour, respectively. Despite the formation of new mesopores or the creation of new networks of pores with rougher surfaces, the fractal behavior of accessible mesopores in combusted shales minimally increase mesopore surface roughness. The pyrolyzed shales exhibit decreased mesopore surface roughness at higher temperatures, which indicates smoothening of pores due to pore blocking. Increase in pore volume and surface area due to oxic-heat treatment enhances the feasibility of long-term CO₂ storage in shales.

Spray-drying is a widely used industrial technique and has shown an immense potential in the fields of nanoscience and technology. This is due to its ability to synthesize microgranules consisting of correlated nanostructures using evaporation induced assembly through bottom-up approach. Although the nature of correlation among the constituent nanoparticles and their size distribution could earlier be obtained by conventional Small-angle Scattering (SAS) technique, a statistically averaged quantitative measure of the shell thickness and hollowness of the formed granules remained a challenge. In this work, we have used Spin-echo Small-angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS) technique to characterize spray-dried nanostructured microgranules having different hollowness. It is shown that this non-destructive technique provided precise quantification of the granular sizes and hollowness by utilizing polarization property of neutrons in real space directly.