This thesis investigates the development of Pathfinder, a wearable navigation system designed to help Visually Impaired Passengers (VIPs) navigate airports more independently. Large-scale transport hubs like Schiphol can be particularly challenging for VIPs due to their unfamiliar layouts, limited sensory cues, and reliance on visual information. Pathfinder explores whether smartphone-based Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (VSLaM), combined with intuitive feedback mechanisms, can offer a more autonomous alternative to traditional airport assistance.

The project followed a human-centred mixed-methods design approach, starting with contextual research and user analysis. Insights were gathered through desk research, interviews with experts and the user group, basic solution tests, and simulated context studies, where the researcher blindfolded himself and studied how blind navigation works. These methods helped identify key user needs, such as the importance of spatial orientation, environmental feedback, and a sense of control throughout the travel experience. Findings informed the development of a low-fidelity prototype and a refined system concept supported by flowcharts, user flows, and interface sketches.

The prototype was evaluated in a simulated airport setting at TU Delft to test how effectively it guided users along designated paths, responded to directional changes, and conveyed spatial and relevant information. Although testing did not directly involve blind users, the results indicated that the system enhanced route awareness and reduced reliance on human assistance. Participants responded positively to the audio-haptic feedback and the structured, intuitive nature of the guidance provided.

Limitations remain, particularly in real-time environmental adaptation and the prototype’s dependency on static maps for references. The lack of testing with actual VIPs also limits the depth of validation. Nevertheless, the project outlines a clear path forward, recommending steps such as API integration, improved feedback personalisation, and deeper co-design with blind users for future iterations.

Ultimately, Pathfinder demonstrates how VSLaM technology can be reimagined to meet the accessibility needs of visually impaired travellers. With further refinement and collaboration, systems like this could contribute to more inclusive, independent, and empowering travel experiences in airports and beyond.